;l-. .^.S-rA-J-a Ceun„.. 






A History of the Activities 

of the 

Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

1917-1919 



I 

i 



How Ohio 

Mobilized Her Resources 

For The War 



Bound at the State Bindery. 



''^^^^ 



9^^^ 



A HISTORY 

OF THE ACTlVn ILS OF THE 

OHIO BRANCH, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 



•5 



Columbus, Ohio: 

The F. J. Heer Printing Co. 

1919 



t»« *^ ^* 

OCT 30 t9l9 



PAGE 



CONTENTS 

Part I ^ 

^'-^^revjord 5 

Organization 7 

County and Community Organization 17 

War Chests and Community Councils 25 

Part II 

Woman's Committee *. 28 

Organization .' 29 

Department of Food 44 

Department of Child Welfare 46 

Department of Educational Propaganda 48 

Department of Nursing 50 

Department of Training Classes 52 

Department of Women and Children in Industry 54 

Health and Recreation 56 

Special State Work — Milk Survey 58 

Assistants for Draft Boards 59 

Fuel Survey 59 

County Fairs 60 

Liberty Loan 61 

Mothers' Pension Law 61 

Part III 

Industrial Relations and Employment 64 

Formulation of Policies 64 

Mediation of Labor Disputes 65 

Employment — - Meeting War Labor Needs QQ 

The System Planned 70 

To Produce War Food 72 

Farm Hands Placed in 1917 73. 

Building Camp Sherman : 74 

U. S. Public Service Reserve 75 

1918 Farm Help Campaign 77 

U. S. Boys' Working Reserve 79 

Teachers' Division 81 

Protecting Ohio's Labor Supply 83 

Ohio's Part in Organizing U. S. Employment Service 85 

How Ohio Organized 86 

New Employment Offices Established 87 

Federal Community Labor Boards 88 

Local Boards in Action 89 

(3) 



4 Contents 

Part III — Co n c 1 u d e d page 

After War Activities 90 

The System and Its Methods 94 

Employment Service After Armistice Was Signed 9'7 

A Typical Day's Work 101 

Clearance Division ; . , 1,07 

Part IV 

Food Supply and Couserration 118 

Production and Acreatie 118 

Conservation 121 

Home Demonstration Agents 123 

Emergency •A.id in Influenza Epidemic 124 

Tractors 125 

Seed Corn 127 

Part V 

General and Miscella)U'ous Acti^'ilies 130 

Americanization ■. 13C 

Non-war Construction 136 

Fire Prevention and Protection 14S 

Transportation by Highways 15) 

Patriotic Education — Speaker-^ 15G 

Commercial Economy 157 

Legal Assistance to Soldiers and Sailors 159 

Assistance to Disabled Soldiers and Sailors 178 

War Library Service Fund 18C 

War Risk Insurance 181 

Assistance in Aviation Program 182 

Help in Recruiting S. A. T. C 182 

Training of War Telegraphers 183 

Detection of Deserters 183 

Rent Profiteering 184 

Liberty Loan and War Savings Stamps 188 

Solicitation of Funds 189 

Fuel 190 

Health, Hospitals and Nursing 192 

Vagrancy 194 

Co-operation of Cliurches in War Program 19fi 

Explosives 197 

Publicity Department 197 

Taps .' 198 

Appendix 201 

Expenditures 203 



OHIO BRANCH, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 



r 



/ 




1. Governor James M. Cox, chairman. 2. Hon. James E. Campbell. 3. Dr. W. O. 
Thompson. 4. Mr. B. H. Kroger. 5. Mr. Paul I. Feiss. 6. Mr. James P. Feiser. 7. Mr. S. 
P. Bush. 8. Hon. M. R. Denver. 9. Mr. Thomas J. Donnelly. 10. Mr. H. S. Firestone. 
11. Hon. Daniel J. Ryan. 12. Mr. James W. Faulkner. 13. Hon. David Todd. 14. Col. H. E. 
Talbott. 15. Mr. C. M. Eikenberry. 16. Mr. W. W. Thornton. 17. Mr. Joseph K. iNutt. 



OHIO BRANCH, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 




1. Mr. Fred C. Croxton, vice chairman. 2. Gen. J. Warren Keifer. 3. Air. S. O. Kicliard- 
son. 4. Mr. W. G. Stone. 5. Mr. M. J. Caples. 6. Mr. L. J. Taber. 7. Mr. Frank P. Donneii- 
wirth. 8. Mr. J. V. B. Scarborough. 9. Mr. John Moore. 10. Dr. C. E. .Sawyer. 11. Mr. 
Frank E. Myers. 12. Mr. W. S. Scarborough. 13. Miss Belle Sherwin. 14. Mr. John P. Frey. 
15. Mr. A. A. Augustus. 16. Mr. John J. Quinlivan. 17. Mr. James Wilson. 



FOREWORD • 

To his Excellency, The Governor of Ohio: 

Herewith is transmitted the history of the organization, activi- 
ties and disbandment of the Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense. 

In transmitting this report, your leave is asked to say some 
things that are "outside the record," so to speak: 

This has been a history of activities, not of individuals, and it 
has not been possible or attempted herein to render due credit 
to each man and woman in official or unofficial capacity who has 
directed or assisted in the general effort. 

Nor has it been possible to express adequately the appreciation 
due state departments and agencies, public and private, which have 
contributed their assistance in the State's war program. The word 
"cooperation" has fallen into some discredit in the domain of war 
planning, notably in some departments at Washington, where too 
often it was used to indicate a jointure, theoretical rather than 
actual. But in Ohio it may be said with truth that state depart- 
ments and organizations, public and private, actually joined hands 
when called upon, in the effort to get things done, regardless of 
individual credit. 

This record, hastily and somewhat perfunctorily compiled, does 
not reveal the idea of. permanent planning of working, not only to 
meet war needs, but to help in meeting after- war problems as well — 
which was a guiding motive in the minds of all those who were 
principally responsible for the operation of the State Council. 

It does not reveal the unswerving and disinterested devotion of 
the several men and women, such as the Vice Chairman of the 
Council and the Chairman of the Woman's Committee, who have 
worked vuitiringly to do the things that must be done, as volun- 
teers, so far as pay was concerned — but with the larger compen- 
sation that is the reward of service. 

But this report has failed of its central purpose if it has not 
disclosed to any who may read it, the high purpose of the Governor 

(5) 



6 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

of Ohio in his leadership of the State's war activities and the gener- 
ous and inspired response of the citizens to every call for service. 
Without these the History of Ohio in the Great War would have 
been short of her traditions and less splendid in the sum of the 
Nation's achievement. 

The Executive Secretary, 
Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. 

State House, Columbus, Ohio, 

January i, 1919. 



PART I 

ORGANIZATION 



MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL 

Governor James M. Cox State House, Columbus 

A. A. Augustus Cambridge Colliery Company, Cleveland 

S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus 

Hon. James E. Campbell 8 East Broad Street, Columbus 

M. J. Caples Spahr Building, Columbus 

Fred C. Croxton State House, Columbus 

M. R. Denver Wilmington 

Thomas J. Donnelly Columbus Savings & Trust Building, Columbus 

Frank P. Donnenwirth Bucyrus 

C. M. Eikenberry The Eiken'berry Brothers Company, Hamilton 

James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus 

Paul L. Feiss 632 St. Clair Avenue, N. W., Cleveland 

James L. Fieser 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 

H. S. Firestone Akron 

John P. Frey 707 Commercial Tribune Building, Cincinnati 

Gen. J. Warren Keif er Springfield 

B. H. Kroger Cincinnati 

John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus 

Frank E. Myers Ashland 

Joseph R. Nutt Cleveland Trust & Savings Company, Cleveland 

John J. Quinlivan 314 Cherry Street, Toledo 

S. O. Richardson Libby Glass Company, Toledo 

Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus 

Dr. C. E. Sawyer • White Oaks Farm, Marion 

J. V. B. Scarborough Cor. Fourth & Walnut Streets, Cincinnati 

W. S. Scarborough Wilberforce University, Wilber force 

Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Columbus 

W. S. Stone Engineers Building, Cleveland 

L. J. Taber Barnesville 

Col. H. E. Talbott Dayton 

Dr. W. O. Thompson Ohio State University, Columbus 

W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron 

David Tod '. Youngstown 

James Wilson Second National Bank Building, Cincinnati 

C7) 



8 Ohio BraiicJi, Council of National Defense 

EXECUTIVE STAFF 

Governor James M. Cox ' Chairman 

Fred C. Croxton Vice Chairman 

J. L. Morrill Executive Secretary 

Miss Belle Sherwin Chairman, Woman's Committee 

Miss Lucia B. Johnson Executive Secretary, Woman's Committee 

Raymond Moley * Director of Americanization 

Miss Juliette Sessions Assistant to Director of Americanization 

S. J. Brandenhurg Director of County and Community Organization 

Lowry F. Sater State Director, Four Minute Men and Assistant 

on County and Community Organization 
C. E. Parry Executive Secretary, Committee on Patriotic Educa- 
tion and Director, Speakers' Divisiim 

Don L. Tobin Assistant Director. Speakers' Division and Editor, 

"Ohio in the War" 
Earl W. Baird Publicity Director 

. FORMER EXECUTIVE SECRETARIES 

Clark S. Wheeler Director of Agricultural Extension, Ohio 

State University, Columbus 
Howell Wright .. Member of the Senate, Ohio General Assembly, Cleveland 

FORMER CHAIRMAN, WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 
Mrs. George Zimmerman Fremont 



GENERAL COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL 



COMMITTEE ON FINANCE 

Joseph R. Nutt Cleveland Trust &- Savings Company, Cleveland 

AT R. Denver Wilmington 

Frank P. Donnen worth Bucyrus 

Col. H. E. Talbott ; Dayton 

David ' Tod Youngstov/n 

COMMITTEE ON FOOD CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY 

Dr. W. O. Thompson Ohio State University, Columbus 

C. M. Eikenberry The Eikenberry Brothers Company, Hamilton 

James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus 

B. H. Kroger Cincinnati 

J. V. B. Scarborough Cor. Fourth & Walnut 'Streets, Cincinnati 

W. S. Scarborough Wilberf orce 

L. J. Taber Barnesville 

W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron 



The Organisation 9 

COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 

Fred C. Croxton State House, Columbus 

S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus 

Thomas J. Donnelly Columbus Savmgs & Trust Building, Columbus 

Paul L. Feiss 632 St. Clair Avenue, N. W., Cleveland 

H. S. Firestone Akron 

John P. Frey 707 Commercial Tribune Building, Cincinnati 

John J. Quinlivan : 314 Cherry Street, Toledo 

Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus 

James Wilson Second National Bank Building, Cincinnati 

LEGAL COMMITTEE 

Hon. James E. Campbell 8 East Broad Street, Columbus 

Gen. J. Warren Keifer Springfield 

Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus 

COMMITTEE ON MINING 

A. A. Augustus ' Cambridge Colliery Company, Cleveland 

Hon. James E. Campbell 8 East Broad Street, Columbus 

Gen. J. Warren Keifer Springfield 

John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus 

W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron 

David Tod Youngstown 

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICITY 

James W. Faulkner- Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus 

W. W. Thornton Akron Press, Akron 

COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION 

M. J. Caples Spahr Building, Columbus 

S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus 

James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus 

E. H. Kroger Cincinnati 

Frank E. Myers '. Ashland 

S. O. Richardson Libby Glass Company, Toledo 

W. S. Stone Engineers Building, Cleveland 

Col. H. E. Talbott Dayton 

COMMITTEE ON AMERICANIZATION 

L. J. Taber Barnesville 

S. P. Bush Buckeye Steel Castings Company, Columbus 

Fred C. Croxton State House, Columbus 

T. J. Donnelly Columbus Savings & Trust Building, Columbus 

John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus 



lo Ohio Braiicli. Council of Xational Pcfrnsc 

Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Alanufactiirers' Association, Columbus 

W. S. Scarborough Wilberf orce 

Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Columbus 

Dr. W. O. Thompson Ohio State University, Columbus 

COMMITTEE ON COUNTY AND COMMUNITY COUNCIL 
ORGANIZATION 

L. J. Taber Barnesville 

Hon. James E. Campbell ' 8 East Broad Street, Columbus 

James W. Faulkner Cincinnati Enquirer, Outlook Building, Columbus 

James L. Fieser 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 

John Moore Ruggery Building, Columbus 

S. ( ). Richardson Libhy Glass Company, Toledo 

Hon. D. J. Ryan Ohio Manufacturers' Association, Columbus 

Dr. C. E. Sawyer Marion 

Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Coluinbus 

W. \Y. Thornton Akron Press, Akron 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 

Miss Belle Sherwin State House, Columbus 

Miss Lucy Buell 51'2 Mentor Avenue, Painesville 

Miss M. Edith Campbell 3-550 Reading Road, Cincinnati 

Mrs. William Neil King, Cumberland Apartments, Parsons Ave., Columbus 

Miss Laura R. Logan Cincinnati General Hospital, Cincinnati 

Mrs. Malcolm L. McBride 1585 Mistletoe Drive, Cleveland 

Mrs. Lawrence Maxwell ' Edgecliffe Road, Walnut Hills, Cincinnafi 

Miss Mary Louise Mark Ohio State University, Columbus 

Mrs. Erank Muhlhauser 15(10 Mistletoe Drive, Cleveland 

Miss Grace R. Peters 891 East Broad Street, Columbus 

Miss Juliette Sessions State House, Columbus 

Airs. S. B. Sneath Tiffin 

Mrs. F. W. Striel)inger 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 

Airs. W. O. Thompson 1873 North High Street, Columbus 

Miss Eleanor Walker 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 

Mrs. Charles W. Wason" 2157 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 

Mrs. Ray N. Watterson 1286 Wyandotte Road, Columbus 

Mrs. Mary Weitler City Hall, Cincinnati 

Aliss Edna N. White Ohio State University, Columbus 

Airs. Elizabeth C. Wolf 536 Brightwood Avenue, Dayton 

Airs. Paul Woolley Denton Building, Cincinnati 

Miss Bertha K. Young The Maplewood, Clifton, Cincinnati 

Airs. George Zimmennan 424 Birchard Avenue, Fremont 



The Onjanization ii 



BIRTH OF DEFENSE COUNCIL 



The- Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense, was created 
on Friday, June i, lyi/. l)y appointment of Governor James M. 
Cox, Chairman. 

Its announced purposesc were : 

(a) To place the state on a war-time basis — arous- 

ing, directing and co-ordinating Ohio initiative 
in mobilizing the resources of the state for 
war. 

(b) To carry out suggestions of the federal govern- 

ment, as expressed through the Council of 
National Defense at Washington, or other gov- 
ernmental agencies ; to act as an administrative 
organization for the federal government in 
many of the main lines of activity in the war; 
and to centralize war work of the state. 

Prior to formal appointment of the State Council, however, 
preliminary war work in the state had been organized and under- 
taken, at the request of the Governor, by a small group of men, 
most of w^hom later were made members of the Council. 

On April ii, 1917, the Governor called a conference of Presi- 
dent W. O. Thompson, Ohio State University, Dean Alfred Vivian. 
College of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Clark S. Wheeler, 
Director of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State University, T. J. 
Duffy, Chairman of the State Industrial Commission, Fred C. 
Croxton, then connected with the Ohio Institute for Public Fffi- 
ciency, and George Stauffer, then Secretary of the State Board of 
Agriculture. 

At this conference decision was reached: 

(i) To create agricultural production machinery 
throughout the state in the person of County 
War Food and Crop Commissioners, to be 



12 Ohio Branch, Council of Xafional Defense 

chosen by County Commissioners in each 
county and to prosecute a vigorous campaign 
among farmers for increased acreage and more 
intensive cultivation. 

(2) To establish ten to fifteen Employment Ex- 

changes, additional to the seven Exchanges 
maintained by the State Industrial Commis- 
sion, mainly for the purpose of supplying farm 
labor. 

(3) To enlist the support of granges throughout the 

state in the war food production campaign. 

(4) To call upon colleges and high schools to re- 

lease their pupils as early in the spring as pos- 
sible, so that they might be transferred to farm 
and garden work. 

(5) To inaugurate, through the Home Economics De- 

partment, Ohio State University, an intensive 
canning campaign throughout the state. 

On April 17, 19 17, the Governor formally appointed President 
Thompson, Mr. Wheeler, Dean Vivian, Mr. Croxton, L. J. Tabc^r. 
Master of the Ohio Grange, and C. G. Williams, of the State Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station at Woostcr to launch formally the 
food production campaign. As the work of this group expanded 
and the necessity for activities other than agricultural production 
and employment came to view, the formal creation of the Ohio 
Branch, Council of National Defense, was accomplished by the 
Governor. The Ohio Branch Council of National Defense, unlike 
councils in some states has not had legal status either by act of 
congress or of the state legislature but has functioned as a war 
cabinet advisory to the governor and operating tlirough: 

(a) Cooperation of state departments. 

(b) The Woman's Committee, organized throughout 

the state. 

(c) Eocal Defense Councils and war units (»f vari- 

ous kinds, organized in some communities on 
local initiative, in others with the direction and 
assistance of the Council itself. 



The Organication 13 

(d) The cooperative assistance of allied war agen- 
cies of the state, as, for instance the American 
Red Cross, the United States Employment 
Service, the United States Food Administra- 
tion, the College of ^Agriculture and Depart- 
ment of Agricultural Extension at Ohio State 
University, and others. 

Funds for operation of the State Council were derived from 
a war emergency appropriation of $250,000, granted by the 82nd 
General Assembly of Ohio (1917-1918), plus additional allowances 
made by the State Emergency Board, upon depletion of the original 
war emergency fund. (See financial statement: appendix to this 
report.) 

The statute making the war emergency appK,priation reads as 
fellows : 

"Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the 
State of Ohio : 

Section i. That there is hereby appropriated the 
sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars from 
any monies in the general revenue fund not heretofore 
appropriated for the use of the Ohio National Guard 
in case of war. 

Section 2. Said sum shall be disbursed upon 
order of the governor by warrant drawn by the 
auditor of state. 

Section 3. The governor is hereby autliorized 
and directed to expend all or any part of such sum 
for the mobiliaztion of troops or for the enlistment of 
men for the army or navy or in any other manner 
necessary for the defense and protection of this nation 
as he may deem advisable in conformity to and in 
cooperation with any proclamation issued by the presi- 
dent of the United States or to carry out any orders 
given by the secretary of war. 

Section 4. This act is hereby declared to be an 
emergency measure, the emergency therefor being 
that the nation seems on the verge of war and Ohio 
must be in readiness to do her duty, and the passage 



14 Uliio Branch, Council of Xatiunal Defense 

of this act is necessary to preserve the safety and wel- 
fare of the people of Ohio, and therefore, this act shall 
take effect immediately." 

( )f the $250,000 so appropriated, something more than $120,- 
000 were expended by the Adjutant General of Ohio in recruiting 
the National Guard, and for other military necessities of the Ohio 
National ( Inard incident to mobilization for war under order of 
the President. 

The organization of the Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense, which is a part of the State Council, 
is (k'scril)c(l in the succeeding section of this report. The organi- 
zation of women war workers of the counties and communities is 
covered, also, in that part of the report. 

CONTRIBUTION To VICTORY MADE- 
WORKERS RELEASED. 

The formal disbandment of the Ohio P.ranch, Council of 
National Defense, was made by Governor James M. Cox, as 
Chairman, on December 31, 1918. The Governor's official an- 
nouncement follows : 

'"The war emergency which roused the patriotic 
])ur])ose and endeavor of ( )hi(j citizens has passed. 

"I'eace emergencies confront us now. The task 
of after-war readjustment nuist continue to utilize 
the diligent and unselfish effort of every man and 
woman in Ohio, who has had a part in war work. To 
these men and women the Federal and State Govern- 
ment will look for continued and consistent service. 

"But the signing of the armistice, the practical 
ending of the war, marks the accomplishment of those 
main purposes for which the Ohio Branch, Council 
of National Defense was organized. And for that 
reason it would seem wise to demobilize formally a 
great part of the machinery created by the State 
Council of Defense. 

"The Council, therefore, will receive its honor- 
able discharge on December 31, 1918. 



The Organisation 15 

"In dismantling this organization, so carefully 
built up and so creditable in achievement, it is our 
purpose that no phase of constructive work which 
should be continued, shall be lost. Permanent agencies 
of the State Government will undertake to carry on 
with some of these activities. Some departments of 
the Woman's Committee of the State Council must go 
straight on to the completion of tasks now before 
them. It would -be disastrous for such local commit- 
tees as the groups on Americanization, or the local 
Legal Committees which are assisting returning sol- 
diers and sailors, to discontinue their activities before 
their job is finished. 

"No one will question that it is the plain duty of 
local communities and organizations to see to it that 
there be no slackening of interest or eiTort in meeting 
the needs of reconstruction. 

"Despite the formal disbandment of the State 
Council, we shal! fee! free to call upon the various 
countv and local orginizations, and upon the se^■cral 
committees of the Council, as groups which will be 
wdlling and ready to assume new duties and assign- 
ments as the need arises. The war, whatever its bur- 
den, has brought one outstanding compensation : Tlie 
awakening of interest and responsibility in human 
welfare and the achievement of public good liy organ- 
ized efifort. 

"The war workers of Ohio have made their con- 
tribution to Victory, and to the new era. The obliga- 
tion of the state to "them cannot be measured or ex- 
pressed in terms of gratitude and praise. 

"The executive officers, and staft", of the State 
Council will be retained in the State House, until 
further notice, so that communication wdth the coun- 
ties may be maintained." 



i6 O/iio Branch, Council of National Defense 

At the same time, the following letter was sent by the Gover- 
nor to each member of the Council : 

Dear Sir: 

"Every purpose to aid in the successful prosecu- 
tion of the war, for which the Ohio Branch, Council 
of National Defense, was organized, having been ac- 
complished, it seems advisable and due to the mem- 
bers thereof that they be formally released from fur- 
ther responsibility in this connection. Certain com- 
mittee work not yet completed will be for the time 
continued. 

"A unity of thought and effort, stimulated by this 
organization, carried Ohio far in our attempt to do 
our utmost in the war. As a result of this formal or- 
ganization and your wholehearted support to every 
plan, the federal government has found Ohio ready at 
at every call. 

"The members of the Council have not been 
called into a formal meeting for disbandment for the 
reason that we realize their personal responsibilities 
and the value of time to men who have given so much 
unselfishly. For this reason also the Council has not 
been called together as frequently as we would have 
liked, but we have relied upon the counsel and assist- 
ance of individual members and their moral strength 
to committees which were created at the time of 
organization. The Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense, has achieved success and value thru the 
strength of its personnel, and to you as one of its 
efficient members is due the thanks of the nation and 
the state, and the gratitude of your co-workers. 

"It may be that future difficulties will arise in 
which it may be necessary to again call upon you for 
further service. Should this be the case, we are sure 
we may count upon you in the future as we have 
relied upon you in the past. Let this be not only a 
formal testimonial of war service well rendered, but 



County Orijauizatioii i~ 

let it, please, also be the warmest expression of per- 
sonal appreciation of which I am capable. 
"A\^ith every good wish, I am 
"Very truly yours, 

(Signed) "James M. C'nx. 

'P. S. A complete history of the operation and 
activities of the Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense, is now being prepared, and will be for- 
warded to you as soon as it is off the press. 

"Enclosed herewith is a formal statement to the 
war workers of Ohio,* announcing officially the de- 
mobilization of the State Council. It sets out fairly 
and completely the ideas which have guided our 
activities and the purposes which we must continue 
to bear in mind. ..^ ,, . ,, 

The Executive Secretary of the State Council, early in Decem- 
ber, 1918, was appointed Federal Field Secretary for the Council 
of National Defense at Washington, and in that capacity has been 
directed by both the National Council, representing the federal 
government, and by the Governor, representing the state govern- 
ment to continue to receive the communications from the federal 
government, assigning duties and tasks in after-war readjustment, 
and to assist in the accomplishment of these duties and tasks 
through appropriate machinery in Ohio. 

COUNTY AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION. 

Ohio was one of the latest states in the Union to undertake, 
from headcjuarters of the State Council, the organization of so- 
called County and Community Councils of Defense. 

This delay sprang from three reasons : 

(a) The fact that the State Council, almost simul- 
taneously with its own creation, decentral- 
ized in the county, bv the a])pointment of a 
County War Food and Crop Commissioner, 
with township deputies. 

2 C. ''IF N. I) 



i8 Ohio Branch, Council of \afio)iaI Defense 

(b) The fact that the Council was able, until well 
along in its career, to accomplish, through this 

County War Food and Crop Commissioner, 
through the granges, through the Agricultural 
Extension Service, Labor Unions, Chambers 
of Commerce, and other organizations, the 
main purposes for which it had been created 
and the main tasks which were assigned to it 
by the federal governmenl. 

(c) The fact that Ohio early became a "War Chest 

State," with countv and community War 
Chests — whose organization, personnel and 
methods paralleled in some respects very 
closely a County Council of Defense, and, in 
any event, made unwise and impracticable in 
most communities the formation of another 
general war community organization. 

At all events, when undertaken, the creation of County Coun- 
cils in the state presented |)eculiar difticulties, dui-' to the fact that 
the war had been in progress one year before definite action was 
taken by the Council on this line. As noted before, other specialized 
organizations of one kind or another had grown up, in many cases 
one for each particular recurring campaign. These organizations 
had been generally successful, and desire<l to maintain their own 
individuality and indepcmlence of action. Another dif^cultv grew 
out of the fact that the Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council 
of National Defense, had gone into the counties in the early 
stages of the war and had established its committees in most of 
them. Where they were well established and functioning efficiently, 
the Woman's Committee was synonymous, in the minds of most 
people, with the "Council of National Defense." 

The whole situation was brought to the attention of members 
of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, assembled in 
Columbus on March 22, 1918, with the result that the following 
resolution was adopted : 

"Resolved, That a connnittee be named by the 
Chairman of the Council, armed with plenary power 
to devise a method of countv organization to have 



Cuiiiitv Onjaiiication 19 

charge of the various activities relating to war rehef, 
patriotic education and other matters pertaining to the 
general cause ; that this committee be authorized to 
report this plan of organization to the Governor, who 
will at once proceed to place it in execution." 

The general committee of the Council on County and Com- 
munity Organization, hereinbefore listed, was appointed, but later 
delegated its powers to a special sub-committee consisting of : Mr. 
James W. Faulkner, newspaper man; Miss Belle Sherwin, Chair- 
man, Woman's Committee ; and Dr. C. E. Sawyer, who had already 
assisted in the organization of some successful local war organiza- 
tions in some of the semi-rural counties of the state. 

On June 17, 1918, the following proclamation was issued by 
the Governor, relating to the subject in hand : 

"Whereas, The demands of the war on civilian 
America will continue to grow in number and in im- 
portance until it is I)rought to a victorious end by the 
United States of America and her Allies ; and 

"Whereas, The federal government has re- 
quested that each state organize County and Com- 
munity Councils of National Defense, to make pos- 
sible the cjuick and effective cooperation of all the 
people in each county and community with the federal 
government, through the state branches of the Council 
of National Defense, 

"Therefore, I, James M. Cox, as governor of 
Ohio, proclaim it necessary that each county in Ohio 
that has not already organized a central body, fully 
representative of all townships, towns and divisions of 
the county, and of all interests and war activities to 
coordinate and aid in the prosecution of all recog- 
nized war activities and federal war movements, do 
now organize such a body to be known as the County 
Council of Defense. Counties partially organized are 
requested to perfect and complete their organization 
as soon as possible and to add such members to their 



20 Ohio Branch, Cotuicil of Xafioiial Defense 

council as may be needed to represent all parts of the 
county and all interests in the county. 

"It is important that this organization Ije elTected 
as soon as possible in all counties in Ohio. The state 
suggests that local units attached to federal activities 
and authority, be given a cooperative, rather tlian a 
subordinate status. If information as to methods of 
organization based upon experience in the com- 
munities that have already worked out a central plan, 
is desired, it can be procured by addressing the ( )hio 
Branch, Council of National Defense, Columbus, 
Ohio. 

"I furtlier direct that all County Councils now 
organiezd and others when organized, send list of 
officers to (Jhio Branch, Council of National Defense, 
Columbus, Ohio. 

"In Testimon\' Whereof, I have hereunto sub- 
scribed my name and caused the Great Seal of the 
State of Ohio to lie affixed in the City of Columljus, 
this seventeenth day of June, in the year of our Bord 
one thousand nine hundred and eighteen." 

C)n June 30, 191 S, there was established a Di\-ision n\ County 
and Community Organization, Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense. At the head of this division was Doctor K. M. Hughes. 
President of Miami University, a volunteer worker, who agreed to 
survey the state and to assist in the organization of the counties 
and communities. Assisting him was Mr. S. J. Brandenburg, 
also of Miami LMiiversity, who later succeeded Doctor Hughes as 
head of the dis'ision. ( Hhers who have helped in the work from 
time to time as volunteers were: Mr. Bowry F. Sater, Columljus 
attorney, and Mr. B. O. Bantis, Ohio State B^niversity, Cf»lumbus. 

Following an extensive can\-ass of the state. Doctor Hughes, on 
August 6, M;i8, made report as follows: 

"27 Counties are well organized as counties for all 
work, with acce])tal)!e COunlv Council organ- 
izations. 

"3 Counties are now organizing. 



Comity Organization 21 

"24. Counties are organized, as communities or coun- 
ties, for somewhat limited purposes, as War 
Chests, etc., but capable of being used for 
County Council work. 16 are organized as 
counties. 8 are organized in two or more 
divisions. 
"12 Counties are well organized along all or most fed- 
eral lines and handling federal work well, but 
with no centralized county organization em- 
bracing all war work. 
"8 Counties are moderately well organized for most 
federal activities, but have no central organiza- 
tion. 
'3 Counties are inadecjuately organized for federal 

activities, and have no central organization. 
"10 Counties have not yet been visited. 

"In 54 counties we have organizations capable of 
doing necessary work of County Councils of De- 
fense. These counties contain 4,195,837 people. In 
34 counties we have not yet any definite central or- 
ganization. These counties contain 975,424 people. 
In 46 counties we have a permanent county repre- 
sentative, with whom we can correspond on County 
Council work. In 42 counties, while no permanent 
representatives are available, we have a temporary 
correspondent to whom communications for the 
county are being sent." 

Up to December 31, 1918, with disbandment of the Stale 
Council, all counties in the state, except three — Muskingum, Perry 
and Morgan — had been visited by organizers from the Division of 
County and Community Oganization. Those men and women 
within the county who wee active in war or other public work were 
conferred with; the purposes of the Council of National Defense 
explained to them; the benefits of a County Council emphasized, 
and their assistance asked in bringing about an organization. 

The result, on December 31, 1918, was reported as follows, 
by Mr. S. J. Brandenburg, head of the County and Community 
Organization Division : 



22 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

55 Out of the 88 counties in the state were well or- 
ganized for carrying out the program of the 
Council of National Defense. Of these coun- 
ties, 50 were organized as single units and 5 in 
two divisions. 
16 Counties were less well organized, hut each of 
these had an energetic man at the head who 
was able to carry out the program of the 
Council of Defense in a very satisfactory way. 
The remaining 17 counties of the state were in 
not quite so satisfactory a condition. In some of them 
there were so-called county organizations of indiffer- 
ent value. In others, the Defense Council was com- 
pelled to relv upon a correspondent who was not in 
all cases as active and efficient as should have been 
expected. 

It was signiticant, however, that the State Council i)rogram 
was carried out best in those groups of counties which were the 
most densely i>opulated, and it is safe to say that ninety per cent 
of the population of Ohio w-as reached in a reasonably effective 
way by the Council of National Defense, either through organiza- 
tions built up by the State Council in the counties, or through 
county and community organizations formed originally on local 
initiative, but cooperating with the State Council. 

Following are the lists of the counties, their population, and 
the name and address of the correspondent with whom the State 
Council dealt in the affection of the war program : 

Adams 24,755 Judge \V. P. Stephenson... West Union 

Allen 56,580 B. A. Gramm Lima 

Ashland 22,975 F. N: Patterson Ashland 

Ashtabula 59,547 H. W. Luethi Ashtabula 

Athens 47,798 R. B. Leopold Athens 

Belmont 76,856 W. C. Carnahan Bellaire 

Brown 24,832 L. V Williams Ripley 

Carroll 15,761 Mrs. A. P. Getzman CarroUton 

Champaign .... 26,351 H. W. Houston Urbana 

Clark 66,435 Frank A. Crothers Springfield 

Clermont 29,551 A. B. Nichols Batavia 

Clinton 23,680 Rev. J. L. Buckley Wilmington 

Columbiana .... 76,619 Geo. H. Owen East Liverpool 



County Organization 



23 



Coshocton 30,121 

Crawford 34,036 

Darke 42,933 

Defiance 24,498 

Delaware 27,182 

Erie 38,327 

Fairfield 39,201 

Fayette 21,744 

Franklin 221,567 

Fulton 23,914 

Gallia 25,745 

Geauga 14,670 

Greene 29,733 

Guernsey 42,716 

Hamilton 500,000 

Hancock 37,860 

Hardin 30,407 

Harrison 19,076 

Henry 25,119 

Highland 28,711 

Hocking 23,650 

Holmes 17,909 

Huron 34,206 

Jackson 30,791 

Jefferson 65,423 

Knox 30.181 

Lake 22,927 

Lawrence 39,488 

Licking 55,590 

Logan 30,084 

Lucas 192,728 

Madison 19,902 

Mahoning 175,000 

Marion 39,000 

Medina 23,598 

Meigs 25,594 

Mercer 27,536 

Miami 45,047 

Monroe 24,294 

Montgomery ... 163,763 

Morgan 16,097 

Morrow 16,815 

Muskingum 57,488 

Noble 18,601 

Ottawa 22. .360 



Thos. G. Brown Coshocton 

M. B. Morrissey Bucyrus 

D. L. Gaskill Greenville 

W. W. Heater Defiance 

L. C. Riddle Delaware 

F. F. Eubank Sandusky 

W. K. Martin Lancaster 

A. W. Duff Washington C. H. 

J. T. Daniels Columbus 

Frank H. Reighart Wauseon 

Dr. J. A. Lupton Gallipolis 

H. C. Bickle Chardon 

Theodore Neff Yellow Springs 

Thos. Moss Cambridge 

George W. Harris, 710 

Gwynne Bldg Cincinnati 

C. F. Coykendale Findlay 

Burr Finnell Kenton 

J. G. Coil Cadiz 

Dr. Scott F. Hershey Napoleon 

Jos. F. Kerns Hillsboro 

L. P. Mooney Murray City 

Dr. J. D. Fair Millersburg 

A. H. Cowley Norwalk 

M. A. Henson Jackson 

D. W. Case Steubenville 

L. G. Mayer Mount Vernon 

Mrs. J. G. Bartholomew. . . . Painesville 

N. N. Potts Ironton 

E. C. Wright Newark 

Merlyn R. Whitney Belief ontaine 

S. F. D. Meffley, Commerce 

Club Toledo 

.A.. T. Cordray London 

J. A. Campbell Youngstown 

Dr. C. E. Sawyer Marion 

L. H. Randall Medina 

A. V. Howell Pomeroy 

A. C. F. Gilberg Celina 

Ralph Sullivan Piqua 

J. M. Lofifland Woodsfield 

J. D. Neilson Dayton 

T. J. Bailey McConnelsville 

F. B. McMillin Mount Gilead 

Fred Geiger, Jr Zanesville 

J. M. Murphy, Mayor Caldwell 

G. L. Hann Port Clinton 



24 Oliin H ranch. L'oiiiicil of National Defense 

Paulding- -J-J ,T;'.0 J. C Berg Paulding 

Perry 35,396 W. J. Bankes New Lexington 

Pickaway 20,158 H. G. Stevenson Circleville ' 

Pike 15,723 J. W. Sylvester Bainbridge 

Portage :!0,3fl7 Aliss Elizabeth Haymaker.. Ravenna 

Preble 2;i,834 Judge A. C. Risinger Eaton 

Putnam 29.972 Judge H. M. Summers Ottawa 

Richland 47,fi()7 Wellington T. Leonard Alansfield 

Ko^s |(),(t(;n \\'illiam L. Miller ChilHcothe 

Sandusky 35.171 P>. H. Swift Fremont 

Scioto 48,463 Philo S. Clark Portsmouth 

Seneca 42.421 O. .V.Charles Tiffin 

Shelby 24.6(i3 Urban H. Dn„rley Sidney 

Stark 122 ,9c^7 G. E. Lundy Canton 

Summit 108.253 Dr. I-:. E. Quirk Akr.m 

Tuscarawas .... 57.035 C. L. Mcllvaine New Philadelphia 

Cnion 21 ,871 Lee Wilkins Marysville 

Van Wert 29,119 Rev. J. L. Corley Van Wert 

\'inton 13.096 L. W. Sprague AlcArthur 

Warren 21.0!I7 Stanley AL Sellers Lebanon 

Washington ... 15,122 B. D. Hovey Marietta 

Wayne 38,0.58 Judge C. A. Weiser Wooster 

Williams 25. 198 E. T. Binns Bryan 

Wood l(;.:!.-.0 Dr. Thos. M. Lea Bowling Green 

W\andot 2o,7fl0 G. D. Trowbridge LTpper Sandusky 

Tlic following- fivv counties were oi'j^'anizcd in two divisions 

Auglaize 31 ,24(i C. W. Timmermeister Wapakoncta 

lloliart Scott St. Marys 

Butler 70,271 Darrel Joyce ftamilton 

(George M. \^erity Middletown 

Cuyahoga G:V7,455 llarr.\- L. A'ail, 22Li City Hall Cleveland 

( for Cleveland only ) 
A. G. ^'aw])erg, 2oo Old 

Court House Cleveland 

( lialance of county) 

lj)rain 7(i.037 C. K. Kent Lorain 

\\. Jay 1 lowenstine Elyria 

Trumbull 52.7()l'i b'red R. Byard ^^'arren 

R. M. Smith Niles 



Tabulation of Ohio IJ'ar Chests 2^ 



WAR CHESTS AND COMMUNITY COUNCILS 

By means of questionnaires a complete and accurate report 
from all War Chests in the state has been compiled. This re]:)ort 
shows. that more than thirty-se\en millions of dollars are included 
in Ohio War Chests and that three and a quarter millions of Ohio's 
population have been canvassed to produce this amount. 

TABULATION OF OHIO WAR CHESTS 

The following table shows the 6i War Chests that have been 
filled in as many Ohio communities. The War Chests cover a 
population of nearly three and one quarter millions of people and 
show a voluntary subscription of more than $37,000,000. The 
figures, of which there are jirobably no other like compilation in 
existence, are the work of S. J. Brandenburg. Countv Councils, 
Chairman of the Council of National Defense: 



Ainouiit Per Capita 
Subscribed. Subscription. 

*A!len $750,000 $12 50 

Ashtabula — Aslitabiila City 188,000 8 55 

Geneva 22 , 807 6 16 

Orwell 4 . 025 4 03 

Athens 385 , 000 7 70 

Auglaize — Eastern half of county 53.000 3 53 

Western half of county ■ 50.000 3 12 

Butler (except Middletown and two townsliips) . . 423,638 7.70 

Champaign — St. Paris and Johnson tOAvnship. . . . 12,500 6 25 

Clark 1,400.000 21 08 

Clermont — Batavia 11 . 100 4 44 

New Richmond 5 . 400 1 80 

Williamsburg 6.469 2 15 

Columbiana — East Liverpool 200,000 8 33 

East Palestine and Unity township 32.000 5 33 

Coshocton 275 . 000 9 13 

Crawford — Crestline and Jackson township 29.514 5 90 

Cuyahoga 10.000.000 15 38 

Fairfield 325 . 000 8 29 

Fayette 190,000 8 74 

Franklin 3,300.000 13 20 

Fulton 100.000 4 17 

Guernsey 137.000 3 04 

Hamilton — *Cincinnati 6,000.000 14 29 



26 Ohio BrcDich, Council of National Defense 

Amount 
Subscribed. 

Higliland 185 . 000 

Hocking 180.000 

Holmes 52,000 

Huron 

Bellevue and two townships 42,000 

Monroeville and three townships 18,000 

Norwalk and one township 60,800 

Lake 214 ,000 

Licking 470,000 

Lorain .-. . 

Elyria 150,000 

Oberlin and four townships 49,500 

Wellington and four townships 12,304 

Lucas 2 ,020 ,000 

Madison 

Mt. Sterling and Pleasant township 15,815 

Mahoning 2 , 100 , 000 

*Meigs 80,000 

Miami 515,000 

Montgomery 1 ,620,240 

Ottawa 

Danhury townshi]) 4,800 

Oak Harbor 15,000 

Port Clinton and one township 12,500 

Put-in-Bay .township R,237 

Pickaway . . . 183,000 

Portage 145,000 

Richland 340,000 

Ross (except Deerfield) 225,000 

Deerfield school district 7,200 

Scioto 464,000 

Seneca (except Fostoria) 150,000 

Fostoria and two townships 90.000 

Shelby 100,000 

Summit 2,535.452 

Truml)ull (except Niles) 300.000 

Niles and two townships 50.000 

Tuscarawas 

Dover and Dover township 192,000 

Vinton (except Hamden) 18,000 

Hamden • 1.000 

Total >:37. 1(10.370 



Per Capita 


Subscription. 


6 45 


7 61 


2 89 


4 20 


3 27 


6 54 


9 30 


8 39 


7 50 


6 36 


2 75 


13 57 


5 27 


11 67 


3 13 


11 44 


10 13 


1 92 


4 29 


4 17 


4 98 


7 04 


4 83 


. 6 80 


5 62 


4 80 


9 67 


5 36 


6 00 


4 07 


12 07 


(] 00 


3 33 


19 20 


1 50 


1 00 





* Estimates (inh'. 



Tabulation of Ohio War Chests 27 

Early in the new year Stark and Tuscarawas Counties will 
complete War Chests of $600,000 and $500,000 respectively. 

The creation of Community Councils of Defense, as sub-organ- 
izations of the county unit, as a means of reaching all the people 
individually and creating a right understanding of war aims and 
war programs was a distinct part of the work of the State Council 
of Defense. 

Data are not available to show just how many Community 
Councils have been created, or how extensive their membership. 
It is the estimate of the County and Community Organization 
Division of the State Council that probably about one-third of the 
population of the state is included in the regions which have per- 
fected, or at any rate undertaken the creation of some kind of 
Community Council. 



PART II 



WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 

ORIGIN AND PURPOSE 

The Woman's Committee nas created 1)\' the Council of Na- 
tional Defense in Aj)ril, \y)ij. with Doctor .Anna Howard Shaw as 
national chairman. The ten members of the committee at Washing- 
ton served without compensation, the Council providing them with 
headquarters, secretaries, clerical hel]) and franking privileges. 

The ])urpose of the Woman's C(jmmittee was to coordinate the 
patriotic activities of all women and women's organizations, so 
that efticiencx' might he promoted, and o\erlapping and waste of 
effort eliminated. l')\- the association together of all women's organi- 
zations, including leaders among unorganized women, the time and 
energ\' of women not usualh' engaged in puhlic ser\-ice was placed 
at the serxice of the government. 

It was the task of the committee at Washington to supidy a 
prograiu which would unite in a common cause all existing agencies 
and to su|)plement them, where necessary, so as to keep the social 
bod\- sound in time of war. Consequently, the program of the 
Woman's Committee was concerned with matters of home defense 
and social welfare rather than with afl'airs more immediately con- 
nected with the ])rosecution of the war in Europe. The far-sighted 
program outline(l at the beginning of the war was changed but 
little, and proved so constructive and valuable as to deserve con- 
tinuance through the period of reconstruction until the work could 
be shifted to peace-time agencies. 

ST.XTb: CHAIRM.VN 

The national committee in Washington appointed temporary 
chairmen in each of the 48 states, charging them with responsibility 
for organizing slate divisions of the Woman's Committee. Mrs. 



()r(/ii)iirjat!Oii of IJ'oniaii's Coinmiitcc 29 

George Zininierman, of ]*'renioiU. who was then State President 
of the Federation of Women's Clubs, was made first temporary 
chairman in Ohio. Her appointment was approved by the Gov- 
ernor and the State Cotmcil, and was contirnied by election in 
June. 1917. She served until December, 1917, when ill health 
made her resignation necessary. She was succeeded by Miss Belle 
Sherwin. who, from the begininng of the war, had been chairman 
of the Cleveland Woman's Committee, and served as State Chair- 
man from December, 1917, to the end of the war. 

GENERAL COMMITTE 

The presidents of all state organizations of women, together 
with representatives of all national organizations, constituted the 
General Committee, becoming, by \irtue of their office, the electors 
in the Woman's Committee. Through them, affiliation with the 
many thousand women in their membership was secured. The 
General Committee included the representatives of 50 organizations 
in Ohio and was called into conference four times, written com- 
munications being sent them at other times from state headquarters. 

STATE ORGANIZATIONS COMPRISING THE GENERAL 

COMMITTEE 

Xcnnc I'f 0)-;iatiizat'u>n. President. 

Association Opposed to Woman's Suttrasj;'.' 1!*17 — Mrs. H. E. Talbott 

l!ll,^ — Mrs. Nicholas Longworth 

Auxiliary to United Spanish War W^erans Mrs. Edythe M. Noble 

Benefit Association of Maccabees Mrs. Nellie C. V. Heppert 

Catholic Ladies of Columbia Mrs. Elizabeth W^olf 

Consumers' League of Ohio Miss Myrta L. Jones 

Daughters of the American Revolution... Mrs. Edward L. Harris 

Daughters of Pocahontas Mrs. Clem Jenkins 

Daughters of Veterans of the Civil War 

186L(i.") 1917 — Miss Faye Cavanaugh 

1018 — Mrs. Hallie L Everts 

Girls' Friendly Society in America Miss Marion A. Parson- 
Grand International Au.xiliary to the 

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Mrs. Mary E. Cassell 
International Federation of Catholic 

Alumnae 1917 — Mrs. Putnam Anawalt 

1918 — Miss M. Belle Cavanaugli 
International Order of the King's Daugh- 
ters and Sons Mrs. Sara F. Gu^^le 



30 



Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense 



A^avic of Oryaiiizatioii. 

Ladies Auxiliary, Brotherhood of R. R. 
Trainmen 

Ladies' Auxiliary to Order of Railway 
Conductors 

Ladies of the Grand Army nf the Repulylic 1917 

1918 

Ladies of the Modern Maccabees 

Ladies' Society to Brotherhood of Loco- 
motive Firemen and Enginemen 

National Association of Collegiate Alumnae 

National Civic Federation, Ohio Section.. 

National Congress of Mothers' and Parent- 
Teachers' Ass'n 

National Council of Jewish Women 

National League for Women's Service... 

National Society United States Daughters 
of 181-2 

Ohio Association of National Retail Drug- 
gists 

Ohio Catholic Women's Association 

Ohio Federation of Colored Women's 
Clubs 

Ohio Federation of Music Clubs 1917- 

1918- 

Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs 

Ohio Home Economics Association 

Ohio Kindergerten Association 

Ohio Newspaper Women's Association.. 1917- 

1918- 

( )liio State Association of Graduate Nurses 1917- 

1918- 

Ohio State LIniversity Alunma' Club 

Ohio Woman Suffrage Association 

Ohio Women's Military .Auxiliary 

Order of the Eastern Star 

Pythian Sisters 1917- 

1918- 

Rebckahs 

Rivers and Harbors Congress 

Society of Colonial Dames of America... 

Sons of Veterans' Auxiliary 

United Daughters of the Confederacy.... 

\\'omen's .Association of Commerce 

Women's Benefit .'\ssociation of Maccabees 



President. 
Mrs. Augusta M. Statzer 

Mrs. J. H. Moore 

- Mrs. John F. Brand 

- Mrs. Clara Holmes 
Mrs. Lula S. Bailey 

Mrs. Elizabeth Smith 
Miss Grace Latimer Jones 
Mrs. Lawrence Maxwell 

Mrs. W. IT. Sawyer 
Mrs. Clarence E. Mack 
Mrs. George Hoadly 

Mrs. George T. Mcintosh 

Mrs. F. E. McBride ' , 
Mrs. Bellamy Storer 

Miss Anna V. Hughes 
-Miss Pauline Harrison 
-Mrs. Arthur Bradley 

Mrs. Prentice E. Rood 

Miss Mary Parker 

Miss Elizabetli X. Samuel 
-Miss Amoretta l'"itch 
-Miss Pearl LI elf rich 

- Miss Jennie L. Tuttle 
-Miss Claribel A. Wheeler 

Miss Alice D. Hare 
Mrs. Harriet Taylor 

Upton 
Mrs. H. E. Talbott 
Mrs. Rose Waltz Norris 
•Mrs. Esther Bartlett 
-Miss Ella V. Niederman 
Mrs. W. H. Anders 
Mrs. Elmer G. Laurence 
Mrs. Herman J. Groes- 

beck 
Mrs. Mary E. Simonds 
Mrs. W. B. Sells 
Miss H. Anna Quinby 
Mrs. Fami}- Iscnnagle 



Organization of Woman's Committee 31 

Name of Organization. President. 

Women's Christian Temperance Union.... Mrs. Florence T. Richard 

Women's Farm Clubs Miss Harriet Mason 

Women's Relief Corps Miss Mary J. Wilson 

Women's Temple Association 1917 — Mrs. Sol Bing 

■ 1918 — Miss Edna Goldsmith 
Young Women's Christian Association.... Miss Helen Taj'lor 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

The Executive Committee was composed of tlie officers elected 
by the General Committee, the heads of dejjartments, members at 
large, representatives of coordinated agencies, and salaried execti- 
tive officers. 

The heads of departments and the execittive officers were for 
the most part professional women, who. b.ecaiise of their training 
and eminence in their own fields, were the natural appointees. 
Thev were able to give skilled service in their departments and 
several of them were already provided with their own office service. 
Where it was not possible for them to provide such service, secre- 
tarial help was secured b\ i)rivate contributions, or given at the 
state headquarters. 

Begininng with December, kjij, the Executive Committee met 
regularly on the first Thursday of each month. Thirteen meetings 
in all were held. The attendance averaged fourteen members at 
each meet'ng. members paying their own traveling expenses. 

MEMBERS OF STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
8 Elected Officers 
Chairman 

Mrs. George Zimmerman. June nnj-April 1918. 
Miss Belle Sherwin. June 191 S- 
( Actimj Chairman, December iQij-Jnne JQiS) 

\'ice Chairmen 

Mrs. George Zinnieiman. Fremont. A])ril 191S- 

Mrs. S. B. Sneath. Tiffin. June KJ17- 

Mrs. Eawrence Alaxwell. Cincir.nati. June 19 17- 

Mrs. \V. O. Thompson, Columluis June I9i7-June i()i8. 

Mrs. Malcolm L. McBridc. Ckvelan 1. June KJ17- 

Mrs. Elizabeth C. Wolf. Dayton. June 1918- 



32 



(.*//;(; Branch. L'iiiiiicil i}f Xaiioiuil Prfcnsr 



Secrt'tary 

Mrs. J'^Jizaljcth C Wolf. Daylon. June 1917-June 1918. 
Mrs. W. ( ). Thoinpson. LDlunil)Us. June iQicS- 

Trea surer 

Mrs. Clarence I^^ Mack. Cincinnati. 
June M)17-' )ct(tl)er i()iS. 
Mrs. William Neil King, Columbus. ( )ctober iyi8- 

./ M cnibcrs-at-lAinjc 

Miss M. I^lith Caiu])])ell. Cincinnati 
Mrs. Paul WOoUey, L'incinnati 
Mrs. ]Mary Weitler, Cincinnati 
Mrs. Ray N. Watterson, lolumbus 

6 Heads iif Pcf^artiiiciits 

i*\jO(l 

Miss JMlna X. White, Columbus 

Child Welfare 

Ur. I'rances .M . 1 lolliui^shead, C'olumbus. 

lune MjiJ-June i()iS. 
Miss Luc\- 1'). lUu'll. l'aines\ille, Jul}' l»>l8- 

Eclucational Propaganda 

Miss Grace R. Peters. L'olumbus 
Women and Childi-en in lndustr_\- 

Miss Myrta L. Jones, Cleveland 
Training C"l asses 

Miss P.ertha 1\. ^'oung, C'incinnati 

Nursing 

Miss Laura K. Logan. Cincinnati 



T Representatives of Coordinated Aqeneies 

Liberty Loan 

Mrs. P^rank Muhlhauser, Cleveland 

Americanization 

Miss pdiette Sessions. Cohunbus 



( >r(/jiii:::ati(iii of U'oinau's C (ninnittcc 3^^ 

Lake Division, American Red Cross 
Woman's Bureau 

Mrs. Henry L. Sanford, Cleveland, 
June i^ij-.Xpril 191 S. 

Home Service 

Miss Eleanor Walker, Cleveland. June 1918- 

Surgical Dressings 

Mrs. Charles W. Watson. Cleveland. October 1(^8- 

Mospital Ciarments and Knitting- 
Mrs. U. W. Striebinger. Cleveland. ( )ct<)ber i(ji<S- 

2 Salaried J:.vcciifi'i'cs 
Executive Secretary 

Miss Lucia J>. Johnson 
Eield Secretary 

Miss Marie H. Milliken, December i(;i7-Ma_\- njiS. 
Mrs. Henry R. Spencer. May 1918-November 1918. 

OFFICE STALE 

Beginning in Decenjljcr Jtji/. the heackjuarters of the Woman"'^ 
Committee was established at the ."^tate House, in the (jovernor's 
suite, adjoining the room occupied 1)\- the State Council of Defense 
and the Eood .Vdministration. The Executi^■e Secretary was in 
charge of office headciuarlers, beginning with the ]<art-time service 
of one stenographer. During the crest of the work, two full-time 
stenographers were emjjloyed while the services of a shi]i])ing clerk. 
filing clerk, expert publicity man, and oflice bo}-. were shared with 
the State Council of Defense. 

FINANCES 

From an emergcnc\- fund ])rovide(l by the .^tate to the Council 
of Defense, the Wcjman's Committee was allowed the salary of an 
executive secretary, two stenographers, printing, postage, and cur- 
rent office expenses. The salary . and traveling expenses of the 
I<"ield Secretarv were met by ])rivate contribution, amounting to 
$2,000 for nine months. The traveling expenses of such depart- 

3 C OF N. D 



34 Ohio Branch. Council of Nafio)ia! Defense 

mental committee members as could not otherwise attend state meet- 
ings were provided from a fund contrilnited by the Executive Com- 
mittee. The State Chairman received no salary and at all times 
paid her own expenses. 

A budget of $3,500 for the Department of Health and Recre- 
ation was raised from gifts of individuals and from the following 
state organizations: 

Kings Daughters 

Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs 

Ohio \Voman SuiTrage Association 

Ohio State Association of Graduate Nurses 

Ohio Department, Daughters of Veterans 

Ladies of the G. A. R. 

Further contributions were received, amounting to $600, to 
permit the initiation of new work and to demonstrate its necessity, 
h^or instance, a bulletin board 26"x36", with a two-inch red mold- 
ing, was sent , express prepaid, to each county, to serve as a sample 
for other boards, to be made in uniform style. This fund provided, 
also, for special i)rinting and extra illustration. 

ORGANIZATION 

A Field Secretary was found to be indispensable to the develop- 
ment of a thorough organization in order to secure effective work- 
ing leadership in the counties. Not infrequently, she made five visits 
to a single county before recommmending the appointment of the 
temporary chairman. It was her plan to talk first with those in 
charge of any other war organiaztions and then with as many repre- 
sentative men and women as possible. Wherever there was a 
County Council of Defense, representatives were interviewed to 
]M-epare for amalgamation with the Woman's Committee later. 
Wherever there was no County Council, it was important that the 
men on the War Chest, War Board, or Chamber of Commerce 
should understand the purpose and plan of the Woman's Committee 
and give it tlieir moral and financial support. Whenever possible, 
the Field Sccretarv attended the organization meeting, explaining 
tlie method of organization in county and in township, also the 
l)r()viuce of each department and the relation of the Woman's 
Committee to the Red Cross and tlie Woman's Committee of the 



Onjaiii::atioii of IVoiiian's Couiuiittcc 35 

Liberty Loan. The organization meeting was usually held in a 
public building, such as the Court House, Chamber of Commerce, 
or Red Cross rooms, rather, than in a private house or church, 
which might seem to limit the extent of the organization. 

As an outgrowth of the experience of the Field Secretary and 
a series of district conferences, the following constitution was pre- 
pared for the Woman's Committee in Ohio. 

CONSTITUTION 

Proj^osed for a Unit of the 

WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 

Ohio Branch 

Council of National Defense 

ARTICLE I 

NAME 

The name of this organization shall be the 
Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council of Na- 
tional Defense, 

Unit. 

(Insert name of your county, town or township as the 
case may be.) 

ARTICLE II 
OBJECT 

Section i. To serve as the mouthpiece of the 
government to the women in every state, county, city, 
town and township in the country. 

Section 2. To coordinate the patriotic activities 
of all women and women's organizations, so that effi- 
ciency is promoted and overlappping and waste of ef- 
fort is eliminated. 

Section 3. To further (through existing organi- 
zations where possible) new lines of service receiving 
the approval of the Council of National Defense. 

ARTICLE III 

MEMBERSHIP 

Any woman desirous of rendering patriotic serv- 
ice to her country may become a member of this or- 
ganization upon signifying her desire. 



^b Ohio Branch, L'onncil of Xafioiial Defense 

ARTICLE ]V 
GENERAL COMMITTEE 

Section i. There shall be a General Committee, 
consisting of a representative of each organization of 
women (in the county, city, town or township, as the 
case may be). To this number may be added a num- 
ber of representative women as individual members. 
In the case of a county unit, the General Committee 
shall consist of representatives of county organizations 
(if there are any) and of each of the city, town and 
township units of the Woman's Committee, Council 
of National Defense. 

Section 2. The Executive Committee shall con- 
sist of the officers and the chairmen of standing de- 
partments and members at large. The control and 
management of the allairs of the organization be- 
tween the meetings of the Cieneral Committee shall ])e 
vested in the Executive Committee. It shall have 
])Owcr to till \acancies in its own body. 

ARTICLE V . 

OFFICERS 

The officers of this association shall be a Chair- 
man, Vice Chairman,* a Recording Secretary, and a 
Treasurer. They shall be elected by the (ieneral 
Committee and shall ser^■e for one year. 

ARIICLE \'\- 

DUTIES OK OFFU EKS 

The duties of the officers shall be such a> usually 
ai)i)ertain to such offices. 

ARTICI-E VII 

DEP.\KTME.\'TS 

.Section i. The General Committee shall author- 
ize the chairman, in con>ultatii m with the other of- 

* As many as desired to secure reprcseiitatinn uf \arifnis elements in 
tlie locality. 



Organizatioi of IVoiiian's Coiiiiiiittcc 37 

ticers, to appoint chairmen of such departments as are 
recommended by State Headquarters. 

Section 2. The chairman of each of these depart- 
ments shall form her own committee. 

Section 3. The chairmen of tlie standing com- 
mittees shall submit plans of work desired to be under- 
taken to the Executive Committee for approval, and 
shall report to the General Committee all work ac- 
complished." 

ARTICLE VIII 

MEETINGS 

Section 1. The General Committee shall meet at 
such times and places as shall be deemed advisable by 
the Executive Committee, or upon request of one- 
fourth of the members of the General Committee. 

Section 2. The Executive Committee shall hold 

regular meetings on each and every 

(insert date ) at 

such place as shall be determined by the Executive 
Committee. Special meetings of the Executive Com- 
mittee may be called by the Chair by notice to each 
member. 

Section 3 members of the General 

Committee constitute a quorum mem- 
bers of the Executive Committee shall constitute a 
quorum for the transaction of business. 

ARTICLE IX 

AMENDMENTS 

The Constitution and By-laws may be amended 
at any meeting of the General Committee called for 
that purpose by a two-thirds vote. 

XdTK — Tliis constitution can l)f changed somewhat to meet local con- 
ditions. 



38 Ohio Branch, Coitiicil of Xational Defense 

UNITS OF ORGANIZATION 

L'ouiity ori^anization had l)ecn com])leted in j^ counties at 
the close of the year 1918. In 7 otliers, temporary chairmen had 
been appointed and were doing at least part of the work. Three 
counties were without chairmen or organization. Each one of the 
3 had been visited by the Field vSecretary or State Chairman, but 
the temporary chairmen appointed subsequently resigned. 

Twelve cities, not county seats, ])ut for the. most part as large 
as their county seats, asked to be recognized as independent city 
units, receiving communications direct from state headquarters, 
and reporting directly there. With the knowledge and consent of 
the county chairman in each case, special arrangements were made 
for placing these units on the mailing list at state headquarters, 
while reports from them were required in duplicate, one for the 
state and one for the county seat. 

Citv, town and township units niiml)ered 1,000 at the time 
of the armistice. rhe\' were organized for work in (le])artments 
ranging in num])er from i to 21. In ])ractically e\ery unit, the 
k'xecutive Committee was composed of at least five women: 
the local chairman, the heads of Departments on Food and Child 
Welfare, together with the representatives of the Red Cross and 
the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee. Comnnu:ications with the 
township units were sent through the county chairmen. In cases 
of special importance, where time was an important element, suffi- 
cient copies of any gi\en comnnmication were sent to the county 
chairman, for her to distribute to the townships, but, for the most 
part, the county chairmen were expected to prepare their own 
copies of communications recei\ed from the State House, adapting 
them to local needs, l)efore distributing them to the townships. 

The wide range of the local units and their inclusive character 
is best seen and remembered by two typical meetings. One was 
held in the lofty oak-paneled council chamber of a big City Hall. 
Three hundred women, re])resenting every known civic, philan- 
throi)ic, fraternal, social, religious, labor and educational organiza- 
tion met to rejiort their war activity and the total accomplishment. 
Every walk and habit of life in a cosmopolitan city was represented 
by their leaders. 

The other meeting was an evening gathering, in a little church 
on a hill, in the midst of a farming region. The whole country- 



Organisation of IVonian's Committee 39 

side came at the call of the township chairman of the Woman's 
Committee to hear a speaker from France. Before the address, 
the chairman made three announcements : that the Liberty Loan 
Chairman was home with a sick child, so the chairman's husband 
would make a report; that the Food chairman had arranged a 
meeting next week at which a Federal Agent would hold a cottage 
cheese demonstration; and that she herself had a new lot of wool 
at her house for the Red Cross knitters. Each committee and its 
chairman were evidently as well known as the church and the 
minister. 

CONFERENCES 
Two state-wide conferences were held in Columbus, in De- 
cember, 1917, and in March, 1918. One hundred and sixty dele- 
gates attended the first conference, representing 26 state organiza- 
tions and 46 counties, filling the Senate Chamber in the State House 
to its capacity. The program of the conference follows: 

Roll Call on County Organization, 

Conducted by Mrs. George Zimmerman. 

The Work of the Woman's Committee for the Liberty 
Loan, 

Mrs. Frank Muhlhauser. 

The Red Cross in Ohio, 

Mrs. Henry L. Sanford. 

Child Welfare, 

Dr. Frances M. Hollingshead. 

Committee on Nursing, 

Miss Laura R. Logan. 
The World Food Situation, 

Mr. Fred C. Croxton. 

Plans for Food Conservation in Ohio, 
Miss Edna N. White. 

Protective \\'ork for Girls in the Neighborhood of 
Camp Sherman, 

Mrs. Malcolm L. McBride, 

Miss Susan L. Ball. 

Ohio Women's Military Auxiliary, 
Mrs. Harrv F. Talbott. 



40 Oliio Branch, Council of Xafioiia! Ih^fcitsc 

At the' second conference. 144 delegates were present, repre- 
senting state organizations and 25 counties. This conference, with 
Miss Belle Sherwin presiding, was held in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, with the following program: 

Alinutes of Conference of December 6. 
Roll Call and One Minute Reports, 

from Heads of State Organizations. 
Report of Progress on Organization of Counties and 
Townships. 
( )ne County Chairman's Experience in Organizing. 

Mrs. Louis E. Burgner. Oberlin. 
Committee on Educational Propaganda as an Aid to 
C)rganization, 

Miss Grace R. Peters. 
Committee on Training Classes, 

Miss Bertha K. Young. 
Child Welfare — A F'orecast, 

Dr. Frances M. Hollingshead. 
The Next Food Problem. 

Miss Edna X. White. ' 
Methods of the Food Canxass in Cincinnati, 

Mrs. Cooper Proctor. 
Question Box. 

During the summer of ]()i8. a series of smaMer conferences 
was held for the intimate discussion of local problems an.d for 
the training of local officers and department heads. The state was 
di\-i(led into eight districts, a\'eraging eleven counties in each, the 
])lace for the conference being determined bv transi)oriation facili- 
ties. 

.Seven district conferences were held, as follows: 

June lM. Oberlin 
jinif l'S, Sidney 
July !'. Cincinnati 
August 2. C<ilumlnis 
AuL'ti^t ±2, 'I'oledn 
Sei>teinl>er ]"2, Canil)ri(liie 
Octoher A. Akron 



()r(jaiii.::ati(>ii of Iranian's Coinniittcc 41 

Seventy-eight counties were included in these seven con- 
ferences, with a total attendance of 1,750. The influenza quarantine 
prevented the last of the series, in which the south central district 
was to have met in Chillicothe the last of October. Through the 
district conferences, as well as the visits of the Field Secretary, the 
executive officers came to know personally all but 3 of the 85 county 
chairmen. This personal acc|uaintance cemented the organization as 
no other relation could. 

The program at each conference was somewhat similar, in 
order- to drill the officers of the departments of work and methods 
of organization. In the morning. Round Tables were held on the 
departments of work, conducted by the state chairmen of the 
departments, while Miss Sherwin led the Round Table on organiza- 
tion for the comity and township chairmen. In the afternoon 
there was an open meeting to which all the women of the locality 
were invited. The addresses were on topics of general interest by 
such speakers of note as Mrs. Mary Breckenridge Thompson of 
the Federal Children's Bureau, and Mrs. Beatrice Forbes-Robertson 
Hale of the Federal Food Administration, supplemented by state 
and local speakers. "How to Find Time for the Woman's Com- 
mittee" was a theme that was successfully threaded through the 
series of meetings. Among other topics discussed were: 

"The Im])ortance and Significance of the Wom- 
an's Committee. '" 
"What Makes a Good Meeting" 
"How to Reach and Rouse a Conininnity." 
"The Challenge of War to Ohio Women" 

As a preliniinar\- to the conference, each county chairman made 
a brief survey of her county according to the following outline, 
which was intended to give her a bird's eye view of her problems 
and her resources : 

"COUNTY STUDY 
"(i) Population of comity and number of families. 
Population of county seat and number of fam- 
ilies. 
Population of four largest towns. 
( For families consult Board of Elections or 
County Auditor.) 



4-2 Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense 

"(2) Have you large groups of foreigners in your 
county ? 
Can you find out how many there are in each 

group ? 
(Distinguish between recent immigrants and 
the second generation. 
"(3) What are the leading occupations in your 
county; i. e. farming, manufacturing, etc. (If 
manufacturing, give industries. ) 
"(4) How many schools in your county? (Con- 
sult Supt. of Schools.) 
PuIjHc, graded and ungraded. 
Private. 

Parochial. (Consult Lutheran and Catholic 
priests. ) 
"(5) Number of libraries and their location. 

Have you any traveling libraries from the State 
Library, State House, Columbus? 
"(6) How many public health nurses in your 
county ? 
How are their salaries met and how much terri- 
tory do they cover? 
"(7) How many hospitals in your county? Where 

located ? 
"(8) What public institutions have you: either state, 
county or city ? 
(Such as County Children's Home. Hospital for 
Insane, Town Farm, etc.) 
"(9) List your private charities. 

(Such as Associated Charities, benevolent asso- 
ciations, etc.) 
"If any additional information is readily avail- 
able, such as the proportion of good roads in your 
county, or paved streets, of land under cultivation, 
and average value per acre of farm land, it would be 
of great interest. 

"If there are natural barriers, such as hills, ra- 
vines, etc., which make one" part of the county inac- 
cessible from another, and ]>articularly from the 
county seat, please note it in your report." 



()r</aiii:::ati())i of Woman's Committee 43 

FINANCE IN THE LOCAL UNITS 

The common problem (»f all county units was the que^li(jn of 
finance. A variety of methods was evolved to meet local exi)enses, 
but before the signing of the armistice Ohio had become very largely 
a War Chest state, with the result that the expenses of the Woman's 
Committee were met more and more by War Chest appropriation. 
In some counties, an appropriation of $100 per annum was sufficient 
to meet the expenses of postage, stationery, multigraphing. tele- 
phone and telegraph. In counties containing big cities, appropri- 
ation were much larger. In one county, $21,000 was appropriated 
for one department alone; while in another, $15,000 was provided 
by the local War Chest to maintain office headcjuarters, a high sal- 
aried executive, and to operate several departments, including 
notal)le work in community centers. 

In one county, where funds from the War Chest were not 
availal)le, $500 for general expenses w^as raised by a war market, 
operated by the Food Department of the Woman's Committee. In 
several other counties operating expenses were obtained by assessing 
each woman's organization in the General Committee. Still another 
county ol)tained a steady income from collections taken at each 
meeting of a woman's organization. Other counties were supported 
by contributions from the township units. One county developed an 
ingenious jjlan for a traveling basket, which .was ])assed from house 
to house, on a pleasant Saturday afternoon in the early summer. 
Each housew'ife was asked to buy one of the three articles of food 
contained in the basket, and to replace it with some article of her 
own making or from her own garden. In this wa\ , $300 were real- 
ized in half a day. 

DEPARTMENTS OF WORK 

The departments of work which were organized in the local 
imits followed, in general, the plan proposed by the committee at 
Washington, but in the large cities much initiative was displayed 
in the development of additional departments to meet local needs. 
It was quite impossible to have a uniform number and pattern for 
both rural and urban counties. Even in the urban counties condi- 
tions varied, and each city was allowed wide latitude for adapting 
its organization to its resources. 



44 Ohio Branch, Coitiicil of Xatioiial Defense 

Wherever war activities had been started before the organi- 
zation of the Woman's Committee, these were recognized and in- 
vited to join the Woman's Committee. Several cities developed a 
motor service, which was placed at the service of social agencies. 
In Cleveland, the Department for Maintaining Social Service Agen- 
cies organized a series of courses for the training of volunteers in 
which 230 {persons were entered in 14 months. Such training was 
needed before the war, but was especially important when the staffs 
of social service agencies became depleted by loans to the Red Cross 
and other war-time agencies. Work of this kind was also done 
in Canton and Toledo. In Cleveland, four community centers were 
opened in school buildings in foreign sections of the city, in whicli 
Americanization work of the finest type was done in the form of 
neighborhood work, evening classes for adults, and recreation of 
various kinds for the young people. In several cities, special money 
was given the Woman's Committtee for the work of Children'.- 
Year. The program proposed by the Federal Children's Bureau 
began with the weighing and measuring of all children under six 
years of age, in order that preventable defects might be detected 
and means provided for their correction. In one city, a traveling 
truck was equipped with an entire dispensary outfit and manned 
with a doctor and a nurse. Traveling from neighborhood to neigh- 
borhood, mothers were reached who would not otherwise have been 
able to secure for their children the free physical examination which 
it was the intention of the Woman's Committee to ofifer to all tlie 
mothers in the state. These are only a few of the many example.^ 
of special work that might be enumerated to show the wealth and 
variety of invention sliown b\- the l:>ig cities. 

DEPARTAIEXT OF Fool) 

STATE COMMITTEE 

Miss Edna N. White, Cliairnian Columbus 

^Irs. James ]\I. Cox Dayton 

^Irs. Linus B. KautYman Columbus 

^Irs. Frank Long Cincinnati 

Mrs. L. T. McFarlan.l Van Wert 

Miss Harriet Mason ._ Cleveland 

Mrs. Elizabeth Schaus Toledo 

The ])tn"j)0se of the Department of Food was to develop the 
food resources of every coiunnmitv bv increasiner the local food 



Department of Food 45- 

supply; by teaching methods of using and preserving foods; and 
by enlisting the willing cooperation of every householder in food 
conservation. 

The chairman of the state committee was also head of the De- 
partment of Home Economics of Ohio State University, director 
of extension work in home economics throughout the state, and 
chairman of food conservation under the Federal Food Adminis- 
tration for Ohio. For this reason, woman's food work in Ohio 
was coordinated to an unusual degree, the volunteer groups in the 
localities supplementing and backing the work of the professional 
workers sent out by the University and the federal government, 
each group making the other doubly effective. 

ORGAXIZATION 

Seventy-two counties, () independent city units, and yio towns- 
and townships w^ere organized for food work. Besides this total 
of 991 women who served as volunteer chairmen of their depart- 
ments, 900 trained home economics women volunteered to do part- 
time service, while there were 19 Home Demonstration Agents, 
trained women, doing full-time work over the state, and 24 on the 
staff" of the Extension Department of the University. 

WORK ACCOMPLISHED 

In the first two campaigns for food conservation 1,941,00*0 food 
pledge cards w^ere circulated, the Woman's Committee dividing the 
work with the schools and the county committees under the Food 
Administration. Another million had been distributed for the third 
campaign whn word was received from the Federal Food Adminis- 
tration calling off' the house-to-house canvass. Volunteer speakers 
and Home Demonstration Agents gave 2,887 talks and demonstra- 
tions raching all cjuarters of the largr cities and many of the most 
isolated rural communities. Several large food exhibits were held in 
the state, notably at Cleveland, Akron, Canton, Springfield and Cin- 
cinnati. An educational food exhibit was given at the National 
Dairy Show in Columbus, October 10-19, 1918, together with dem- 
onstrations in seven diff'erent booths. A booth at the county fair 
was prepared by ])ractically every Food Committee in the counties- 
holding fairs. 



46 O/iio llrancli. COiincil af Xatioiial Ih'fctisc 

PUBLICATIONS 

Five tlKnisaiul leaflets (lescrii)ti\e of the Food under the 
Woman's Committee were printed and (Hstribtited over the state. 
Six leaflets and bulletins were ])repared for the Food Administra- 
tion and six for the Home Economics Extension Department. 

DEPARTMENT OF CHILD WEEFARE 

STATF. COMMITTEE 

Dr. Frances M. Holliny.slieacl Columbus 

Chairman, June. If'lT-June, 1!U8 

IMiss Lucy B. Buell, Chairman. July. If'lS Painesville 

Mrs. George L. Conver^^e Columbus 

Dr. Josephine L. Peirce Lima 

Miss Abbie Roberts Cincinnati 

Mrs. Myron S. Seiliert Columbus 

Mrs. Truitt B. Sellers Columbus 

Miss Edith E. Stringer Steubenville 

Dr. Gertrude Transeau Columbus 

The first state chairman was the plnsician in charge of the 
Child Hygiene Division of the State Dejjartment of Health, and 
was able to tise her ofifice, a stenographer, and the part-time service 
of an expert statistician on the program of the Woman's Committee. 

When she left to enter Red Cross service in France, she was 
succeeded by a woman with a long time interest in social service, 
a member of the Board of State Charities and on the Child Welfare 
Committee of th.at ])odv. She had the part-time service of a 
stenographer at the .State Department of J-fealth, a publicity agent 
and the \olunteer help of a statistician. 

This department was designed to strengthen all existing forms 
of child welfare in the various communities of Ohio; to stimulate 
sufficient interest in the children's movement to create activities in 
those places where organized work had not been established ; to 
work for the development of a community spirit which would help 
safeguard the children of Ohio, and to promote their physical, 
mental and moral well being; to sttidy social problems, to ftirther 
those economic conditions which make i)ossible a decent home for 
every child; to study a program for Children's Year and to adapt 
it to the needs and resources of difierent ])arts of Ohio. 



Department of Child J! 'el fare 47 

WORK PRIOR TO CHILDREN'S YEAR 
From July 1917, to April 1918, the first chairman devoted her- 
self to an educational and publicity campaign to show why child 
welfare was an important part of a war defense program, stressing 
birth registration first of all. iVt her instigation, at least one county 
made a valuable family survey in which birth registration was the 
first item, reporting on 5,474 families, in the depths of the worst 
winter ever known. 

Following a series of talks on "Infant Feeding," a survey on 
milk conditions was made in which 33 counties collected data. In 
February, 1918, a Mothers' Bureau was opened in the State De- 
partment of Health for the registration and advice of pregnant 
women. In March a comprehensive program on child welfare 
work was framed in conference with the representatives of schools, 
health boards, and social agencies. 

THE CHILDREN'S YEAR 
The Children's Year program, beginning in April. 1918, 
called for the weighing and measuring of all children under six 
years. Sixty-two counties received the cards and instruction, about 
45-50 doing the work. Returns from 27 counties were carefully 
analyzed at state headquarters. In July, came the Recreation Cam- 
paign, 30 counties reporting on work done. i\t the time this report 
goes to press, work is well under way for the "Back-to-the-School 
Drive," designed to return to school the children attracted into in- 
dustry by the unusually high wages. All boys under sixteen and 
girls under eighteen who did not return to school in the fall of 
1918 will be visited before Easter, 1919, and cards filled out to show 
whether they are at work and have employment certificates. These 
cards will be analyzed at state headquarters and the returns made 
available to the Industrial Commission of Ohio. Prizes have been 
offered to school children in the sixth, seventh and eighth grades 
on the best essay on "Why Children Should Stay in School." A 
leaflet, called "Keep Ohio Boys and Girls in School," has been 
published by the cooperating Committee on Maintenance of Public 
School Standards under the Department of Educational Propaganda 
and 30,cxx) copies have been distributed through the state, largely 
amongf the schools. 



48 Ohio BraiicJi. ('nmicil of Xational Ih^fcnsc 



DEI'ARTAIENT ( )F EDUCATIONAL PRUPAGAXDA 

STATE COMMITTEE 

Miss Grace R. Peter>. Chairman Columbus 

Mrs. L. E. Burger Oberlin 

Mrs. S. C. Derby Columbus 

Mr>. 11. K. Dunham Cincinnati 

Mrs. Rol>erl Morris." Toledo 

Miss Juliette Sessii ns Columbus 

-Miss Helen Smith Cleveland 

Miss 1 rma V'oigt .Athens 

Mrs. L. J. Wolf Cleveland 

The aim of the Department ut lulucatioiial Propaganda wa'; 
to disseminate truth about the war. thereby contributing to the unity 
of feeUng throughout the country iit sui)port of the war. 

C)rganiz.\tion for this department began in February, 1918. 
December i. 1918, there were 81 chairmen — 70 in charge of county 
committees and 11 in independent city units. No attempt was made 
to organize this dei)artment in the townsliip units, as it seemed more 
i)ractical to ha\e tlie work centralized in the county seat. 



NEWS POSTERS 

The state coiumittee \\i.shed to reacli aU places where women 
congregate, such as Red Cross stations, with tiiuely posters on sub- 
jects about which women should be thinking during war-time. It 
was impossible to consider publishing picture posters, so the 
Woman's Committee determined to issue a News Poster every two 
weeks. The following is a miniature reproduction of the issue of 
July 1st: 



Department of Ediicational Propaganda 49 



WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 

OHIO BRANCH 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL 

DEFENSE 

State House Columbus 

News Poster No. 9 July 1. 1918 

CRUSH KAISERISM WITH THRIFT 

We have been an extravagant people, wasteful 
because of prosperity. War has revealed our enor- 
mous losses through waste. Its cost can only be borne 
by the combined small savings of each of us. 

All non-essentials must go. W'hatever we do, eat, 
wear, must be measured by a single standard — will it 
help to prolong or end the war ? 

ECONOMY MEANS VICTORY 



Because posters had become xevy common and plastered every 
empty store window, every wall, and even the sidewalks, it was 
necessary to distinguish the poster of the Woman's Committee in 
some special way. Accordingly, the state committee designed a 
neat and attractive bulletin board 26" x 36", with a two-inch red 
molding, and presented a sample board to each county. The posters 
being printed in blue ink on white paper, with the red frame, gave 
a very nice red, white and blue effect. The counties were urged 
to have additional boards made locally. Specifications for the board 
were furnished and local carpenters, lumber companies, and manual 
training classes made the boards, usually at cost. Where local ar- 
rangements could not be made conveniently, boards were ordered 
from headquarters. The number of boards varied in each county 
from one or two to one hundred and seventy. 

SPEAKERS' BUREAUS 

Each local committee was expected to organize a Speakers' 
Bureau, to aid the county chairman in organizing her townships by 
explaining the program of the Woman's Committee and each de- 
partment of work, and by talking for the special campaigns, such as 

4 C OF N. D. 



50 Ohio Branch, Coioicil of Xatioiial Defense 

the Liberty Loans, the Nurses' Drive, and the Food Campaign for 
World Relief. 

The number of speakers registered with each bureau varied 
from 6 to 150. Material for the use of speakers was forwarded 
to the counties from time to time, including outlines of talks, pre- 
pared by the state committee, ,on Child Welfare and the Re- 
habilitation of the Wounded Soldier." 

A sub-committee on the Maintenance of School Standards 
was formed in July, 1918, under the Department of Educational 
Propaganda, and was composed of representatives of the Woman 
Suffrage Association, of the Parent-Teachers Association, of the 
Federation of Women's Clubs, of the Association of Collegiate 
Alumnae and of the Consumers' League. Li the name of the sub- 
committee a leaflet on the "Importance of Maintaining School 
Standards in War Time" was iniblishcd and over 20,000 copies were 
distributed throughout the state. Thirty thousand copies of a second 
leaflet, called "Keep ( )hio Boys and (lirls in School," were dis- 
tril)Ute(l in connection witli the P>ack-to-School Drive. 

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING 

STATE COMMITTEE 

Miss Laura R. Logan , Chairman Cincinnati 

Mrs. Alfred Brewster Cleveland 

Miss Anna C. Gladwin Columbus 

Mrs. Clarence Greer Dayton 

Miss Eleanor Hamilton Dayton 

Miss Charlotte Ludwig Cleveland 

Miss Mary M. Roberts Camp Sherman 

Miss Helena R. Stewart Columbus 

Miss Claribel Wheeler Cleveland 

The state chairman is Director of the School of Nurs- 
ing and Health, at the Cincinnati (ieneral Hospital, and was 
able to direct the work from her office there, with some volunteer 
assistance from the Cincinnati Visiting Nurses' Association. 

The purpose of this department was to enlist the interest of 
patriotic young women in nursing as a war service ; to increase the 
supply of pupils in the training schools for nurses ; to secure the 
coo])eration of hospitals in enlarging their training schools and 



Department of Nursing <,T 

teaching forces; and to consider and advise u{X)n problems of nurs- 
ing and nurse training. 

ORGANIZATION 

During the first six months of the year 1918, 17 Com- 
mitees on Nursing were organized in the largest cities of the state, 
with both nurses and laywomen as members. In June, 1918, with the 
call from Washington for a nation-wide campaign to recruit pupil 
nurses, every county chairman was asked to organize a Committee 
on Nursing. 

WORK ACCOMPLISHED 

During the six months prior to the Nurses' Drive, addresses 
were delivered in ten universities and women's colleges. One 
thousand copies of the booklet, "Opportunities in the Field of 
Nursing;" io,(X)0 copies of the leaflet issued by the National Com- 
mitttee on Nursing; 1,500 copies of the pamphlet, "Nursing, a 
National Service," were distributed in the state. Between four 
and five hundred young women were enlisted as pupil nurses before 
the big drive began in July. 

A preliminary survey was made of the 65 registered training 
schools in the state and a full report sent to the Committee on 
Nursing at Washington ; and, at the close of summer, 1918. reports 
showed that practically every school in the state was filled to its 
capacity and some of them had long waiting lists. The fall classes 
are roughly estimated as entering 700 new students. Only candi- 
dates who had had at least one full year of high school were en- 
rolled, and some 200 applicants with insufficient education were 
sent back to school to complete the requirement. Application blanks 
for 617 additional recruits had been sent to Washington by Novem- 
ber, 1 918. Of these, 

0% were college graduates . 
21% had had Y^ to 3>^ years of college credit, 
39% were high school graduates, 
35% had had from 1 to 3^ years of high school credit. 

100% 

During the height of the campaign in August, 1918, 900 copies 
of the following poster were exhibited over the state in places where 
women congregate : 



Ohio Branch, Comicil of National Defense 



WOMAN'S COABIITTEE 

OHIO BRANCH 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL 

DEFENSE 

State House Columbus 

News Poster No. 11 August 1, 1918 

WANTED IN OHIO 

2230 YOUNG WOMEN 

Intelligent, Responsible 

Of Good Education Of Sound Health 

The Pick of the Country 

ENROLL NOW 

in the 

U. S. STUDENT NURSE RESERVE 

At the Stations of the Woman's Committee 



Watch Tliis Bulletin Board for News of 
Women's War Activities 



DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING CLASSES 
The state chairman, Miss Bertha K. Young, is Professor of 
EngHsh Literature at the University of Cincinnati. She had some 
secretarial service at the headquarters of the Cincinnati Woman's 
Committee, and some at the University of Cincinnati, where an 
office for Iter was opened in the fall of igi8, as a library and center 
for the vocational advising of students. 

The purpose of this department was to awaken women to active 
interest in the educational equipment of their community; to know 
what the public schools, including the night schools, do and what 
they ought to do ; to stimulate concerted effort to provide adequate 
facilities for training in any line necessary, not only to meet the 
needs of women for war service, but also to satisfy the various 
demands that will be made on them after the war; to encourage 
schools and similar agencies to give courses, or to enlarge their 
facilities to meet the emergency. 

Classes in stenography were first developed in Cleveland, where 
an investigation, in the winter of 1917, showed the dearth of well 
educated office assistants. The Cleveland committee anticipated the 



Dcpartuu-nt of Training Classes 53 

plans of the Woman's Committee and Civil Service Commission at 
the Capital, not only by getting a group ready for the call of the 
departments in need at Washington, when housing conditions should 
be satisfactory, but also by training beginners to fill local vacancies. 
A high school certificate was made essential for this special group ; 
only those with that qualification were allowed to enter the classes 
formed imder the direction of the Council. 

The plan begun so wisely never matured fully. The Woman's 
Committee was unwilling to recruit office assistants for depart- 
mental service until the matter of housing was settled to its satisfac- 
tion. 

Meantime, Cincinnati was conducting a similar experiment of 
selecting carefull}- college women from the University of Cincin- 
nati, seniors and high school graduates, who worked continuously 
under the Director of Commercial Training in the Public Continu- 
ation Schools, through the summer of 1918, making available, in 
September, for superior local positions, nearly 150 women. Other 
cities, such as Canton, Toledo, and Columbus, also formed special 
classes, making a new emphasis on the need of young women in 
office work with educational equipment and administrative ability. 

This department, however, took up the matter of training ste- 
nographers and typists only as a first and immediate issue. Its 
function was much more comprehensive in scope and direction. 
It broadened out into becoming a means of information as to the 
needs of the government, not so much in well recognied lines of 
work — teaching, nursing, home economics — as in industry, agri- 
culture, clerical and office work, business — including salesmanship, 
bookkeeping, advertising — scientific and technical asssistantships, 
and social work in all its phases. It was designed to suggest oppor- 
tunities for training where they could conveniently and profitably, 
be found within and without the state or city, and of cooperating 
with all existing agencies for special training. In Cincinnati 
the committee served not only as a bureau of information, but 
of registration for all classes formed under its direction or in co- 
operation with regular means of instruction in the public or private 
schools , social organizations, and the like. 

Much of the work of this department was in the nature of 
research in unbroken ground. It did real constructive work, lay- 
ing a foundation for continuing vocational information and train- 
ing. 



54 Ohiu Branch, Council of Xcifioual Defense 

DEPARTMENT ()E WOMEN AND CHILDREiN IN 
INDUSTRY 

STATE COMMITTEE 

Miss Myrta L. Joftes, Chairman Cleveland 

Miss Mildred Chadsey, Secretary Cleveland 

October, 1917-June, 1918 

Mrs. Ernest Angell, Secretary Cleveland 

June-September, 1918 

Miss Wilma 1. Ball, Secretary. September. 1918 Cleveland 

Miss Edith Campbell Cincinnati 

Miss Grace Drake Cleveland 

Miss Rachel Gallagher Cleveland 

Miss Alice Gannett Cleveland 

Miss Mary B. Gilson Cleveland 

Mrs. Ben Loevvenstein Cincinnati 

Miss Constance McCorkle Cincinnati 

Miss Amy G. Mahe-r Toledo 

Miss Mary Louise Mark Columbus 

Miss Margaret Maxon Cincinnati 

Miss Elsie Mountain Columbus 

Miss Kathryn Ni irdman Cincinnati 

Miss Nida R. Pangle Toledo 

Miss Charlotte Ixumbold Cleveland 

Mrs. Paul WOoIK-n Cincinnati 

The State chairman had headquarters in the office of the Con- 
sumers' League of Ohio, in Cleveland. Special contributions af- 
forded her a part-time secretary, stenographic service, and a fund 
for publication and postage. 

The purpose of the department was to keep before the public 
the fact, proved in the industrial history of our allies, that produc- 
tion in war-times is increased l)y safeguarding the health and wel- 
fare of the wage-earning women who are required, in ever increas- 
ing numbers, to take the places of men in workships and factories; 
to secure the fullest working capacity of women by endeavoring to 
obtain proper hours and conditions for their work, and in particular 
for married women, motliers upon whose well-l)eing the future of 
the country dej^ends ; and by endeavoring to insure wages, when 
women do the full work of men. e(|ual to the wages paid to men; 
to show the imjiortance of keejiing children in school, rather than 
sending them into industry, in order to protect them from the dan- 
gers of increasing delinquency such as resulted froiu the employ- 
ment of children in England in the first period of the war. 



Women and Children in Industry 55 

ORGANIZATION 
The Ohio Committee on Women and Children in Industry was 
a joint committee, under: 

(i) Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense. 

(2) National Committee on Women in Industry, Ad- 
visory Commission of the Council of National 
Defense. 

The committee was organized with local committees in four 
large industrial centers, the chaimien of local committees being ap- 
pointed by the chairman of the state committee, in consultation with 
the county chairman of the Woman's Committee. In sixteen other 
counties the committe had correspondents appointed in the same 
manner. 

MEETINGS AND SPEAKERS 

The committee held five meetings in Columbus, and conducted 
Round Tables in Oberlin, Cincinnati, Columbus, Toledo and Akron. 
It held exhibits and provided speakers continuously. 

COOPERATING AGENCIES 

The committee cooperated with the Industrial Commission 
of Ohio, with many welfare agencies, boards of education in various 
cities, and with juvenile judges, in searching out and investigating 
violations of the labor law for women and children and in seeking 
the best way to enforce them. 

Shortly before the armistice, it was cooperating with the United 
States Employment Service and the Chief Deputy, Department of 
Inspection, in preparing lists of industries into which women were 
to be inducted. For six weeks a well trained investigator was 
employed by the Woman's Committee to prepare recommenda- 
tions for the guidance of the Community Labor Boards. The com- 
mittee kept in close touch with other agencies interested in women 
and children, such as the Y. W. C. A. ; Women's Division, 
Ordnance Department; Advisory Commission, Council of Na- 
tional Defense ; Women's Trade Union organizations ; the Na- 
tional Committee on Women in Industry, .Council of National De- 
fense; and the Children's Bureau, Department of Labor. 



56 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

The labor standards endorsed by the committee were those 
adopted by the National Committee on Women in Industry, Ad- 
visory Commission, Council of National Defense, and were slightly 
stricter than those appearing in General Orders No. 13, of the Ord- 
nance De})artment. They were published in leaflet form and dis- 
tributed widely in the state. 

PLACARDING AND PUBLICATIONS 

The committee distributed in factories 2,200 placards printed 
by the Industrial Commission, setting up in attractive form, with 
red, white and blue border, the present law regulating the employ- 
ment of women and children. It issued : 5.000 pamphlets on Eng- 
lish experience with labor standards in war-time; 45,000 popular 
leaflets on the Ohio educational and labor laws regarding children 
and women; and 15,000 leaflets on night work for women. 

.STUDTE.S AND INVESTIGATIONS 

The committee conducted continuous investigations of the 
newer occupations of women, especially the elevator, messenger and 
street car service ; it made studies of special conditions arising from 
the war emergency, such as mushroom day-nurseries, ecjual pay for 
equal work, night work in war industries, o])])ortunities for indus- 
trial training, etc. 

A legislative program, based on these studies and investiga- 
tions, has been formulated, containing measures designed to pro- 
tect women in industries in which they were liable to remain, and 
to amplify the means of enforcing existing laws. 

HEALTH AND RECREATION 

The National Department of Health and Recreation was orig- 
inally designed to cooperate with the Commission on Training 
Camp Activities, to promote recreation facilities in camp communi- 
ties, and to support protective work for women and girls. 

At an executive meeting of the niiio Woman's Committee, in 
October, 191 7, a special committee was apj^ointed to aid the pro- 
tective work at Chillicothe. It had l)een al)ly I)egun by Miss Susan 
L. Ball, a volunteer worker from Cleveland. This committe de- 
termined to raise a fund to assist Miss Rail, in the following ways: 



Health and Recreation 57 

(i) To pay the salary of an additional trained 
worker. 

(2) To purchase an automobile needed for patrol 

and follow-up work. 

(3) To create an emergency fund for the return of 

runaway girls and for women in temporary 
need. 

For these purposes, the sum of approximately $2,500 was se- 
cured by gifts from individuals and from numerous circles of the 
King's Daughters in Ohio. This fund was carefully and wisely 
disbursed. 

An unusual tribute was paid to the success of the protective 
work at Chillicothe, at a meeting during November, 1918, in the 
Senate Committee Room at the State House. After this meeting, 
the Governor consented to make an appropriation, in order that the 
work might be continued, from a special and limited fund of which 
he had been made trustee and which he was authorized to use for 
the benefit of Ohio soldiers. This he did on the recommendation 
of the Woman's Committee. 

The need for additional -state-wide work for girls under the 
Department of Health and Recreatijon wate manifest a long time 
before funds were available. In camp communities. Patriotic 
Leagues were organized by the War Camp Community Service, but 
it seemed desirable to extend them elsewhere. By October i, 1918, 
contributions for this work amounting to about $1,000 were re- 
ceived, and a volunteer worker was secured, whose expenses could 
be paid from this fund. The signing of the armistice checked the 
work, however, in its beginning stages. A questionnaire was pre- 
pared and sent to every county, to ascertain the social service agen- 
cies, the social and recreational equipment, industries affecting girls, 
city ordinances for the protection of youth, the numbers of un- 
occupied girls, and the need for wholesome recreation. During the 
war the public conscience was awakened to a new vision of social 
morality, offering the Woman's Committee an opportunity for 
focusing attention on definite measures that would produce a last- 
ing benefit, such as city ordinances for safeguarding girls on the 
streets and in public places, and ordinances' authorizing additional 
women probation officers and policewomen. 



58 Ohio Branch, CoidicH of Natiotia! Defense 

SPECIAL STATE WORK 
Milk Survey. 
In lanuarv. lyi'S, the state chairman of Child Welfare 
became alarmed at the reports from the various sections of 
the state which seemed to indicate that the price of milk was ris- 
ing so rapidly that many children in families of small income were 
not given the amount of milk necessary to their health, or were 
being fed on condensed milk or substitute foods. Accordingly, Jan- 
uary 1 6th, each county chairman of the Woman's Committee was 
asked to make a survey on the milk situation in her county, cover- 
ing tlie following questions: 

"(i) At what rate per quart is milk now selling in 
your county ? 

"(2) Is there a special milk supply for babies? Kind? 

"(3) Is the milk in your county pasteurized? 

"(4) Has the amount of milk consumed among chil- 
dren decreased since November ist? 

"(5) Do many of the babies in your community use 
condensed milk or other prepared foods in place 
of cow's mjlk? 

"(6) Do you find evidence that there is more sick- 
ness among children because they are less well- 
nourished ? 

"(7) Has the death rate among children increased in 
the last two months, as compared with the cor- 
responding period in the last five years? 

(N. B. Information concerning the death rate to be ob- 
tained from the local Health Ofticer or State 
Department of Health.) 

"In gathering this information consult such sources as 

Visiting Xurses" Association, 
Milk Station Committees, 
Babies' Dispensaries, 
Hospitals, 
Day Nurseries, 
Child-Caring Institutions." 



Fuel Survey 59 

Thirty-three counties collected data on this questionnaire. Re- 
turns showed a range in the price of milk from 7 cents a quart to 
25 cents, for certified milk ; a decline in milk consumption ; and an 
extreme use of proprietary foods for infants. 

BOOKS FOR THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 

In March, 1918, at the request of the Woman's Committee in 
Washington, a letter was sent to each county chairman, explain- 
ing the plan of the American Library Association to collect good 
books for soldiers and sailors during the week beginning March 
1 8th. The chairmen of the Woman's Committee were asked to offer 
the cooperation of their units to the librarians. 

ASSISTANTS FOR THE DRAFT BOARDS 

In April. 1918, the Governor appealed to the Woman's Com- 
mittee to provide volunteers to assist the draft boards in the 
preparation of occupational index cards of the drafted men. 
Prompt replies were received from 81 of the 88 counties in Ohio, 
indicating the following action : 

Volunteers supplied in 36 counties. 

No help needed in 31 counties. 

Special mention made of adequate help from school 

teachers in 13 counties. 
Draft board able to secure its own volunteers in i 

county. 

FUEL SURVEY 

In May, 191 8, at the joint request of the Governor and the Fed- 
eral Fuel Administration in Ohio, the county chairmen of the 
Woman's Committee were asked : 

( 1 ) To undertake a general publicity campaign, urg- 

ing that orders for the next winter's fuel sup- 
ply should be placed at once. 

(2) To make a representative survey in different sec- 

tions of the county seat, to learn the amount of 
coal on hand and the amount needed for the 
winter. 



6o Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

In the large cities, a canvass was made of i,ooo homes in dif- 
ferent kinds of neighborhoods, including those who bought and 
stored in both large and small quantities. In cities of the second 
size, 500 homes were canvassed. And in the average county, 300 
homes were canvassed. Schedules were filled out in 46 counties. 
A careful compilation of the returns was submitted to the Governor 
and to the State Fuel Administration. 

COUNT V lAJRS 

Beginning in August, 1918, literature and suggestions for the 
booths at the county fairs, to explain and advertise the work of the 
Woman's Committee, were sent to the county chairmen. In the 
four months that followed. 76 counties holding fairs received ad- 
vice from headquarters regarding suitable exhibits. Four types of 
hand bills were printed and distributed, with a minimum of 500 
of each kind to a county. Subjects covered were: 

"The Purpose of the Woman's Committee." 
"Child Welfare." 
"Thrift." 
"Child Labor." 

At the State Fair, held in Columbus during August, the 
Woman's Conmiittee had a small exhiliit in the same booth with 
the State Council of Defense and Food Administration. A large 
chart was displayed showing the departments of work and the 
purpose of the Woman's Committee. 

UXITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN 

In Sei)ttmber. 191H, a letter was sent to the county chairmen, 
explaining the ])lan of the United W'ar Work Campaign to collect 
funds for the following organizations : 

Y. M. C. A., 

Y. W. C. A., 

War Camp Community Service, 

National Catholic War Council, 

Jewish Welfare Board, 

Salvation Army, 

American Librarv Association. 



Liberty Loan 6i 

It was suggested to the chairmen that their speakers and can- 
vassing organizations could be of substantial help in the campaign. 
The amount of responsibility accepted by each officer of the 
Woman's Committee was determined by the woman herself, ac- 
cording to her individual capacity and circumstances. At the same 
time, county and township units were asked to give the campaign 
all possible moral support and encouragement. 

OHIO WOMEN'S MILITARY AUXILIARY 

During the winter, 1917-18, a majority of counties undertook 
a campaign to enlist dollar members in the Ohio Women's Military 
Auxiliary. Membership fees were used to build and equip a com- 
munity house at Camp Sherman at Chillicothe, and three or four 
dormitories at which visiting friends and relatives of the soldiers 
in training could be housed for short-time periods. 

LIBERTY LOAN 

No report of the work of the Woman's Committee would be 
complete without mention of the creditable work done by many 
officers of the Woman's Committee for the four Liberty Loans. 
Seventeen of the county chairmen of the Woman's Committee acted 
also in the capacity of chairmen for the Woman's Liberty T^oan 
Committee during the period of the Fourth Loan, and an even 
larger number during the earlier Loans. It is not within our 
province to include a report of the amounts raised by these women, 
but it is both proper and essential to mention their work, and to 
commend the unselfish spirit and the helpful cooperation of these 
women for another organization. The state cliairman f(ir tlie 
Liberty Loan was one of the most regular attendants at the meet- 
ings of the State Executive Committee, and at all times showed a 
sympathetic understanding of the entire program of the Woman's 
Committee, and a willingness to cooperate in every way. It was 
this fine spirit of cooperation which made it possible for a single 
set of officers to act as representatives both for the Woman's Com- 
mittee, Council of National Defense, and for the Woman's Com- 
mittee of the Liberty Loan. 

MOTHERS' PENSION LAW 

In December, 1918, the Governor requested the Woman's Com- 
mittee to obtain, for his use, information on the operation of the 



62 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

Mothers' Pension Law in the counties. Each county chairman was 
asked to secure the following facts from the County Commissioner^ 
and the Probate Court : 

Amount appropriated in 1917; in 1918. 
Number of pensions applied for in 191 7; in hjicS. 
Number of pensions approved in 1917; in 1918. 
Number of i)ensions granted in 191 7; in 1918. 
Which court has jurisdiction? 

How many probation otticers. men and women ? 

Chairmen were asked also to talk with representative, thought- 
ful citizens, about suggestions for the improvement of the law and 
its administration. 

Within ten days, answers were received from all 88 counties, 
which showed the following facts : 

( I ) A\erage amount paid per ])ension ranged from 
$1.37 to $28.33. 

(2) Great lack of uniformity in amounts paid by 

different counties of the same population. 

(3) Four counties paid less than $2.60 per month 

to a family. 

(4) Fifty-four counties reported the jjresent ajjpro- 

priation inadequate. 

(5) Twelve counties thought the current appropria- 

tion adequate, but facts indicated that pensions 
paid were not projiortionate to the cost of 
living. 

(6) No pensions paid in three counties. 

(7) Three counties granted pensions for only part 

of a year. 

(8) At least fourteen counties did not levy the total 

amount allowed by law. 

Following analysis of this data, a conference of four officials 
in the Council of Defense was held with the Director of Child Wel- 
fare, Board of State Charities, and a legal advisor, and a mem- 
orandum was prei)ared for the Governor, making recommenda- 
tions for the imtprovement of the law and an inquiry into the whole 
matter of public relief. 



Siiiiiiiiary of Iranian's IVork 63 

CONCLUSION 

The work of the Woman's Committee developed important 
consequences. In sharing community responsibility, new habits 
were formed, from which a very considerable number of women 
will not slip back into the wasteful indifference of lives devoted to 
personal interests. 

The programs on which they worked left definite obligations 
on local organizations and the state committee. Every department 
of work is as important in fitting the people of Ohio to live as to 
win the war. Means for continuing such activities must be sought 
and found in permanent agencies created for the purpose by private 
support or already organized in the city or state. 

In order that there should be no waste of the work done and 
the response aroused, the State Chairman has prepared a memo- 
randum suggesting a continuing state organization with salaried 
executives, to work in close connection with those departments of 
the state most nearly related to the departments of the Woman's 
Committee. 



PART III 



INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND EMPLOYMENT 

CHAPTER I— INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 

Confronted with the problem of production and industrial re- 
lations which arose out of the war and which grew as the war 
progressed, the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, through 
its Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, set itself to three 
main tasks : 

(i) The formulation of policies affecting labor, em 
ployment and industry in Ohio during the 
. period of the war. 

(2) The mediation and adjustment of labor dis- 

putes, either threatened or actual, which in- 
volved the condition of workers, unhampered 
war production, and maximum output, with re- 
spect to the rights of employers and employees. 

(3) The initial direction of the Employment Service, 

in cooperation with the Industrial Commission. 

F(3RMULATI0N OF POLICIES 

The Committee on Labor an'd Industrial Relations, by unani- 
mous vote, maintained consistently the position that no change be 
made in the existing labor protective statutes in Ohio, and that 
laws protecting the health of women and children in industry should 
be enforced rigorously in the state. 

The committee consistently notified any employers who in- 
quired that it was the opinion of the State Council that the time 
had not yet come for suspension of protective laws or regulations 
afifecting industries ; and the committee, through special investi- 
gators, made careful survey in a number of specific cases, with the 
result that conditions which gave rise to insistent pressure that such 

(64) 



Mediation of Labor Disputes 65 

laws and regulations be modified were remedied through other 
means. 

The committee went on record as willing and anxious to join 
with the government in its nation-wide war emergency employment 
campaign, directed initially to secure ship builders, with the proviso, 
however, that, in any general scheme with the government, the gov- 
ernment should allot to this state a fair and proportionate quota 
of employees neeeded for ship building and other government 
work, and that the government agencies engaged in rounding up 
workers shoujd function through the state employment system, so 
as to prevent duplication of endeavor and confusion through draw- 
ing more men from the state to given jobs outside than might be 
really needed. 

Unquestionably much industrial unrest and countless labor 
difficulties were averted in Ohio l)y reason of the consistent su])- 
port given the committee's formulated policies by organized man- 
agement (through the Ohio Manufacturers" Association) and by 
organized labor (through the Ohio .State Federation of Labor, 
United Mine Workers of Ohio, and allied organiaztions). . 

Both the State Manufacturers' Association and the State 
Federation of Labor were represented on the Committee on Labor 
and Industrial Relations, Ohio Branch, Council of National De- 
fense; and, in this dual capacity, they assisted in planning what 
should be the state's w^ar policies and in making possible the accom- 
plishment of these policies. 

MEDL\TION OF LABOR DISPUTES 

Members of the Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, 
on special assignment, assisted in the adjustment of labor disputes,, 
both threatened and actual. 

This committee made special effort to sense and discover dis- 
turbing conditions which might later result in curtailment of output 
and the hampering of production, and to adjust in advance any 
differences which might have later developed into open and actual 
industrial difference. 

All its activities in this field, of course, were practically elimi- 
nated with the creation by the federal government of the ^^ ar 
Labor Board. 



66 Ohio Braiicli. Council of National Defense 

Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman of the Council and Chairman 
of the Committee on Labor and Industrial Relations, was asked, 
however, in several cases to act as the representative of the War 
Labor Board in mediating labor difficulties and in adjusting dift'er- 
ences which threatened to bring on strikes. 

• • CHAPTER 2— EMPLOYMENT 

BUILDING TO MEET WAR LABOR NEEDS 

The declaration of war with Germany found Ohio prepared in 
an unusual way to handle anticipated industrial problems. It was 
foreseen that the problem of providing man power, as indicated by 
tthe experience of other countries already i nthe war, would be a 
pressing one. Ohio had already done considerable pioneer work in 
handling industrial problems, one of them the problem of an organ- 
ized labor market by means of public Employment Ofifices. The 
Industrial Commission of Ohio had been operating seven Free 
Labor Exchanges in the larger cities of the state for sometime. 

It was felt that an expansion of this plan of public Employ- 
ment Offices, with some modification, would give opportunity to 
mobilize and distribute workers in such a way as to promote the 
greatest efficiency in war-time endeavor. Fred C. Croxton, of the 
Ohio Institute for Public Efficiency, who had from 1913 to 1916, 
assisted in the reorganization of the Employment Offices operated 
under the Industrial Commission of Ohio, drew up a plan for the 
immediate expansion of the Employment Service of the state. Mr. 
Croxton's plan was submitted in a memorandum under date of 
April 5, 1917, which read in part, as follows: 

"With the adoption of the resolution declaring 
that a state of war exists, the people of the United 
States are face to face with the gravest problems 
which can confront a nation. 

"An adequate military and naval force for 
offensive and for defensive purposes must be organ- 
ized and equipped. The manufacturing and the trans- 
portation forces must be thoroughly mobilized, in 
order that we may furnish supplies, not only to our 
own forces, but also to the forces of our allies. The 
agricultural forces must be thoroughly mobilized, in 



Meeting IVar Labor Needs 67 

order to produce food for our own nation, for the na- 
tions fighting with us, and for those nations who have 
suffered so much at the hands of the Central Powers. 

"In order to produce the necessary food and 
other suppHes, it is of the utmost importance to make 
the best possible use of the labor force. Ohio has an 
opportunity to mobilize this force in a most effective • 
manner through the Free Labor Exchanges under the 
supervision of the Industrial Commission. 

"This will simply mean making use of the ma- 
chinery already in existence, with such additional 
•offices, increased office force, and modifications of 
plans as may be necessary to meet the present crisis. 

"The specific plan we have to suggest for Ohio 
is the following: 

"(I) Divide the state into about fourteen 
districts with a Free Labor Exchange in each dis- 
trict. The state already has a Labor T^xchange 
in each of the seven largest cities. This i)lan 
would involve the creation of seven additional 
exchanges, say in Middletown. Springfield, Alar- 
ion, Canton, Steubenville, Portsmouth, and San- 
dusky. 

"(2) Urge, or require, every emj>loyer to report 
to the Free Labor Exchange in his district at the 
close of each day the name, address, occupation, 
and experience of every employee whose period 
of employment has terminated for any reason. 

"(3) Urge every employer to secure his 
help, as far as possible, through the Free Labor 
Exchange. 

"(4) Urge men and women out of work to 
seek employment through the Free Labor Ex- 
change. 

"( 5 ) Urge the thousands of students, teach- 
ers, and others similarly situated, to register for 
productive work, especially in agricultural lines, 
instead of entering non-productive occupations. 



(>^ Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

"(6) Provide a sufficient force in the Labor 
Exchange to work a double shift and keep the 
offices open from say five-thirty in the morning 
until nine-thirty at night. Skilled labor and un- 
skilled labor should also be handled in different 
departments. 

"This plan \\\\\ accomplish a number of things: 

"(a) It will materially lessen the time lost 
by workers in seeking new jobs. 

"(b) It will materially aid employers in se- 
curing help to take the place of those enlisting 
for military service, or of those leaving for other 
causes, or to secure additional help as business 
expands. 

"(c) It will materially aid farmers in se- 
♦ curing help. 

"(d) It will make it possible for the au- 
thorities to give preference in referring help to 
certain industries producing the goods most 
needed by our troops or by those of our allies. 

"(e) It will materially lessen idleness on 
the part of the thousands of floating laborers in 
the state. 

"(f) It will produce team work among the 
various localities of the state. 

"(g) It will make it possible to cooperate 
most efifecti\el\- witli other states and with the 
federal goxernmcnt. 

"With the present temper of the people, public sentiment will 
strongly endorse such a plan as this, which provides for using the 
agricultural and industrial forces most effectively and also which 
jirovides for every man doing his 'bit.' All details of the plan 
should be carefully worked out and arrangements must be made to 
cooperate with trade union organizations and with organizations of 
employers, but fortunately the Industrial Commission has the con- 
fidence of both workers and employers. 

"In connection with the military census, data should be col- 
lected concerning industrial experience and training, and this in- 



Meeting ITar Labor Needs 69 

formation from each district should be made available for the use of 
the Free Labor Exchange in its mobilization work. 

"These Exchanges, particularly in the smaller 
places, can also be used as the registration stations 
for all the lines of work of the semi-military charac- 
ter. This would make possible through cooperation, 
if at any time, in order to release more men for mili- 
tary duty, it became necessary to turn into industrial 
work those who register with semi-military organiza- 
tions. This line of work would necessarily be carried 
on separately from the industrial work, but the same 
office and local machinery could be used and it could 
then be centralized under a district state head." 

This plan, submitted Governor James M. Cox, was approved 
by him a few days after the United States entered the war. By 
May I, 1917, fourteen new Employment Offices had been opened in 
as many cities, and financed from funds provided out of the War 
Emergency Appropriation of $250,000 set aside by the Legislature 
of 1916-17. The operation of the full twenty-one offices was 
placed under the supervision and direction of Mr. Croxton and his 
staff, in cooperation with the Industrial Commission of Ohio. For 
this work, Mr. Croxton's services were loaned by the Ohio Insti- 
tute for Public Efficiency, without compensation, upon request of 
Governor Cox. 

In addition, C. H. Mayhugh, Assistant Statistician of the De- 
partment of Investigation and Statistics of the Industrial Com- 
mission, who had been in active supervision of Employment Offices 
for sometime, and Wilbur F. Maxwell, of the Industrial Commis- 
sion, who had also been connected with the operation of the Em- 
ployment Offices, were loaned by the Industrial Commission of 
Ohio, for this work. 

In outlining the plan for this extension of the Employment 
Service, offices were projected in the principal agricultural and 
industrial centers of the state, and the entire state was divided 
into a number of districts equaling the number of offices pro- 
jected. Thus, there were twenty-one employment districts, each 
of them served by an Employment Office. 



yo Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

THE SYSTEM PLANNED 

No state had operated so many offices as a state unit, but in 
Ohio it was proposed to tie all of the offices together into a com- 
posite system. Mr. Mayhugh, because of his extensive experience 
in public Employmenut Office problems, was selected to work out 
these centralization problems under the direction of Mr. Croxton. 
A central office was established in the State House, and the task of 
building the organization was begun. 

As a preliminary step, a meeting of the mayors of the seven 
cities in which Employment Offices already existed and the fourteen 
cities in which new offices were projected was called by the Gover- 
nor. Invited also to participate in the meeting were representatives 
of management and labor in the state. At this meeting, the plan 
was explained and the cooperation of city authorities, of employers 
and of wage earners w^as requested. It was readily pledged, and 
the actual and ready cooperation of labor, management and local 
authority made possible the speedy and elYective expansion of the 
Employment Service to meet the war need. 

Four men who had broad vision of the possibilities of public 
employment work were sent over the state at once to select person- 
nel and to organize the new offites. These men were : Professsor 
M. B. Hammond, formerly a member of the Industrial Commis- 
sion, whose services were loaned by the Ohio State University ; 
Professor W. M. Leiserson, loaned by the Toledo University r 
Gardiner Lattimer, loaned by the Toledo Commerce Club ; and Wil- 
bur F. Maxwell, of the Industrial Commission. In every case, the 
community responded splendidly by furnishing quarters and equip- 
ment. In some of the larger cities, where the municipalities were 
already contributing toward the support of the offices, increased 
appropriations were made available to provide better quarters, and 
in some cases additional personnel. 

In selecting the employees of the offices, it was the policy of 
the field representatives to look for efficiency without regard to 
affiliations, political or otherwise. In every case, it was the aim of 
the representative to secure suggestions from all interested per- 
sons and then to select the applicant best fitted for the job. In some 
cases, committees of workers and employers were asked to recom- 
mend a single applicant. The necessity of having men familiar 
with farm labor problems in offices located in agricultural districts 



The System Planned 71 

was appreciated and in every case some member of the force in 
the offices in such districts was a farm man, and in the cities special 
farm departments were organized. 

It seemed a stupendous task to train so many people unfamiliar 
with Employment Office problems, as well as to increase the trained 
force in the older offices. This work was accomplished in a re- 
markably short time by close supervision by the traveling- field rep- 
resentatives, as well as by constant instruction from the central 
office in Columbus . 

An effort was made to retain the original four men who had 
been sent out to organize Employment Offices as field representa- 
tives, but it was only possible to retain Professor Leiserson and Mr. 
Maxwell for any considerable time. To care for the field work, 
superintendents of local Employment Offices who had shown ex- 
ceptional qualifications for field work were promoted to supervising 
positions. B. F. Toops, Washington Court House, was the first 
superintendent promoted in this way. Later H. F. Moyer, of 
Marion, was also made supervisor and eventually became Chief of 
the Clearance Division. 

"CLEARANCE" 

A system for "clearing" employment information had never 
been tried, but it was immediately seen that some such system was 
needed at once, if the full efficiency of the Employment Office was 
to be reached. 

When offices were first proposed in some cities, those unfa- 
miliar with employment problems were sure that there was no field 
for Employment Office work in many of those places. It was felt 
that any man out of work could get a job at once without help, 
but it was not difficult to prove the value of the offices in such 
cities. It was soon made plain that the fact that a man was out 
of a job was no reason that he would fit into the job that might be 
open at the first factory or that the employer could use the first 
man who might apply. It was very clearly shown that the men 
who were out of employment in one place might be badly needed 
in another, but that without some medium of clearance for such 
information, those men might be compelled either to remain un- 
employed until they chanced to hear of an opening, or be compelled 
to accept work to which they were unaccustomed or for which they 
were not well fitted. In the same way, it was recognized that there 



72 Ohio BrancJi, Coioicil of National Defense 

must be an exchange of information between districts, as men 
badl}- needed in one part of the state might be unemployed in 
some other section. 

The first plan of communication between offices through the 
central office in Columbus about jobs and applicants was by letter. 
Offices having applicants that they were unable to place locally and 
jobs that they were unable to fill locally, simply wrote the Colum- 
bus office and these letters were then consolidated into general 
letters to all of the offices. Very naturally this soon became cum- 
bersome, and a more systematic plan of clearance was worked out. 
The i)resent clearance system, which is the outgrowth of the experi- 
ence during the organization period, has been accepted as the model 
for other states and for the entire country. 

Much experimentation was carried on in the early part of 
the war period in both forms and methods of procedure, so that 
when the national government later on realized the need for a gen- 
eral Employment Service, Ohio was far in the lead with well dcvel- 
ojoed plans which had proven successful. 

TO PRODUCE WAR FOOD 

Soon after this country entered the war, it became evident that 
food production was to be one of the really big problems of the 
war. The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was particu- 
larly well equippped to push food production through the ability to 
provide farmers with satisfactory farm hcl]) through the Employ- 
ment Offices. 

The Agricultural Extension Department of the Ohio State 
University very promptly met the problem with the appointment of 
special agricultural representatives in every part of the state. Along 
with other duties, these representatives were to report farm labor 
needs to the Employment Offices. The Employment Offices co- 
operated in every possible way with these agents, as well as with 
the volunteer County and Township War Food and Crop Com- 
missioners, who were api)ointed by the Governor. 

The superintendents of the Employment Offices were not, 
however, to throw all of the responsibility of keeping in touch with 
the farmers on these other agetits, but were instructed to make 
rverv cttort to .serve the farmers directly. 



Farm Hands Placed in i()ii 73 

In the Employment Offices, applicants were very carefully 
interviewed, with the idea of determining previous farm experi- 
ence. If it was found that an applicant was an experienced farm 
hand, he was persuaded, if possible, to consider a farm job. Great 
care was taken in the selection of men sent out to farmers, as it 
was appreciated that the farmer must usually take the hired man 
in as a member of his family. In this way, it was found possible 
to take care of farm labor needs satisfactorily. 

Extension plans were made in cooperation with the .Vgricul- 
tural Extension Department of Ohio State University to get college 
and high school boys out to the farmers. Most of the colleges and 
high schools of the state closed early, and those that did not close 
allowed boys who had farm jobs to leave before the end of the 
term. These boys were placed as rapidly as they applie<l to the 
Employment Offices, and, through an advance enrollment, many 
jobs were secured for boys before they left school. 

The problem of enrolling high school and college Ijoys for farm 
work before their release from school, in 1917. was handled by H. 
C. Ramsower, Professor of Agricultural Engineering of Ohio State 
University. Just as complete information as possible regarding the 
boy's qualifications and fitness for farm jobs was secured before 
he left school, and, so far as possible, a definite position at farm 
work or in war industry was arranged before the boy left school. 
Several hundred boys were placed, under this plan, prior to the 
organization of the United States Boys' Working Reserve, which 
later took over this task. 

NEARLY SIX THOUSAND FARM HANDS PLACED IN 1917 

The success of the Employment offices in handling the prob- 
lem of supplying farm help is indicated by the fact that during the 
period from May i to December 31, 1917, a total of 5,937 farm 
hands were reported as placed. 

Most of those reported placed were regular "month hands." 
During this period a total of 8,696 men were sent out to farmers 
for interview. The care with which these men were selected from 
among applicants for farm work is indicated by the fact that these 
8.696 men were selected out of 12.612 who made application. The 
further selection by the farmers themselves gave assurance that a- 
desirable class of help was secured. 



74 Ohio Hrancli. L'oiiiicil of National Pcfciisc 

BUILDING CAAIP SHERMAN 

One of the striking achievements of the Employment Service 
along industrial lines during 1917 was the furnishing of men for 
the construction of the cantonment at Chillicothe. As it was fore- 
seen that it would he a stupendous task to furnish the help that 
would he required for this construction jol), to cost millions, and, 
as it was essential that the call for men he distrihuted over the state 
as generally as possible so that the industries of any one section 
might not he drained of men, arrangements were promptly made 
to have this problem handled by the State-City Employment Serv- 
ice, controlled by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, 
and the Industrial Commission. 

Government officials at the cantonment not only agreed to the 
state's taking over the task of furnishing men, but agreed to the 
issuance of official passes for the camp by the local Employment 
Office at Chillicothe. The Employment Service agreed to get the 
men needed, and in addition to put in o])eration a free rooming 
information service for the men to be brought in. 

.MORE THAN TWENTY-FOUR THOUSAND 
WORKERS SUPPLIED 

During the period from June 1 to December 22, 1917. a total 
of 24,830 men were furnished for this job. The majority of these 
men were carpenters. i)lumbers, electricians, pipe fitters, painters, 
tinners, l)ricklayers and laborers. .Mmost the full complement of 
accountants, payroll auditors, clerks and checkers, civil engineers, 
stenographers and typists were also furnished by the Employment 
Service. In securing the skilled workers, the organized labor bodies 
of the state furnished every possible aid. 

At times during the cojistruction work it was necessary to 
supply enormous numbers of men on short notice. On one occasion 
3,750 were furnished from Saturday morning to Monday evening. 
The largest number furnished in any one day of twenty-four hours 
was 2,760 men. 

All of the men furnished were secured without going outside 
of the state, and on each call for men ([uotas were assigned to each 
district, so that the withdrawal of men was fairly uniform over 
the state, and no district was asked to furnish more than a just 
share. 



U . S. Public Scn'ice Rcscnu- 



/:> 



OHIO PROTECTED 

The service rendered in keeping men away from Chillicothe at 
times when no more men could be used because of shortage of 
material was just as essential as the service rendered in bringing 
in workers. 

For instance, the first call for men was for i,ooo. This call 
came on Friday, and the men were to be in Chillicothe on Monday. 
Each of the ofBces was telegraphed at once to line up men for this 
job. All offices were kept open all day Sunday and extensive news- 
paper advertising was resorted to. As the offices had been register- 
ing men for this work for some little time, men began streaming 
toward Chillicothe by Monday. Before the full thousand men could 
be gotten to Chillicothe, the order for men was countermanded on 
account of the shortage of material. It was necessary to withdraw 
all advertising at once and to stop men from going to Chillicothe. 
Under the usual plan of promiscous, broadcast advertising on the 
part of the contractor, hundreds of men would have continued to 
flock to Chillicothe only to become stranded there. 

Without the Employment Service, there undoubtedly would 
have been an unequal withdrawal of men and unscrupulous labor 
agents would have been employed, as indicated by the fact that the 
contractors endeavored to use such labor agents, until forced to 
discontinue by order of the military authorities. The expense of 
extra advertising, telegrams and telephones necessary in connection 
with securing the men was all paid by the cantonment contractor. 
At no time were the state offices unable to furnish the help re- 
quired. 

THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC SERVICE RESERVE 

During the winter of 1917-18, Washington authorities, realizing 
the growing need for workers in the shipyards and on other es- 
sential war work, announced a plan for the enrollment of patriotic 
workers in a voluntary organization, to be known as the United 
States Public Service Reserve. To join this, the worker needed 
only to agree to be ready on call to take up war work, when offered, 
providing the wages and other conditions were acceptable to him. 
Those enrolled were to remain on the jobs they had when enrolling 
until they were notified of a greater need for their services. 



7^ Ohio Bniiicli, Council of A^afioual Defense 

Fred C. Croxton was appointed Federal State Director of the 
United States Public Service Reserve, with C. H. Mayhugh as his 
assistant, both without compensation. They were requested speedily 
to build up an organization to handle this enrollment of workers. 
The superintendents of the Employment Offices were very logically 
tlie first volunteer enrollment agents to be appointed, and it was 
arranged to handle the entire matter of publicity enrollment and 
subsequent follow^-up through the Employment Offices. In each em- 
ployment district many additional volunteer enrollment agents were 
appointed to represent the Public Service Reserve in communities 
outside that in which the Employment Office was situated. 

Through the efforts of this organization following a s])ecial 
campaign of publicity from Washington, a total of 18,198 Ohio 
enrollments were secured in the first drive. These enrollment cards 
were assembled in the Employment Offices, and became an invalu- 
able aid to the Employment Service in later months in providing a 
means of getting in touch with applicants as they were needed for 
war work. By this plan patriotic workers were assured that they 
would be notified when their government required their services. 
\\ithout their having to lose time between jobs. 

The same organization was called on again and tigain, not only 
to recruit industrial workers, but also several hundred men of 
special qualifications for overseas service in military units. Among 
these were stenographers, railroad clerks, supervisors and ticket 
agents, cooks, car inspectors, motor mechanics, chemists and civil 
engineers. 

In every case, the w^ork of the United States Public Service 
Reserve was handled through the regular employment organization, 
so that perfect coordination was secured. 

PROGRESS IN 1918'S FARM HELP CAMPAIGN 

Early in 19 18, it was seen that the problem of providing farm 
help for the coming season would be a particularly difficult and 
important one. Just at this time, under a particularly fortunate 
arrangement, Thomas D. Phillips, of the United States Department 
of Agriculture and the Ohio State University, was assigned to the 
Employment Service as a farm help specialist. It was determined 
that special drives for farm orders and farm help should be made 
each montli. The first drive was arranged prior to March i. 



i<^i8 Farm Help Campaign TJ 

Every superintendent or farm representative was requested to make 
a complete canvass of his territory. This was done by appointing 
volunteer farm labor representatives in each community and, 
through these, getting in touch with farmers to secure farm orders. 
A time limit of one week was set for the completion of this can- 
vass. Immediately upon the receipt of information regarding the 
need for farm workers, a publicity campaign was instituted to per- 
suade experienced men to take up farm work. 

These drives were particularly successful in furnishing the men 
required and in acquainting farmers with the Employment Service. 
Inexperienced ' men were not sent out, except when the farmer 
specifically stated that he could use such help. 

MEN PLACED ON FARMS 

During the month of March, 1918, a total of 906 farm hands 
were reported placed. In April, 738; in May 529; and in June, 
1,091 farm workers were supplied to the farmers. The record 
during the following months was just as good. In arriving at these 
totals, no credit was taken for a placement until definite word was 
received from the farmer advising that the man sent out was hired. 

The United States Food Administration in Ohio found, from 
investigation, that no appreciable percentage of this year's harvest 
was lost because of the lack of farm labor. This was accomplished 
in spite of the tremendous shortage of labor and the more attractive 
inducements offered to workers in the cities. 

Most effective in the great effort to supply farm labor was the 
cooperatio nof the granges throughout the state, led by Mr. L. J. 
Taber, State Master. Granges were asked to throw their force be- 
hind the employment machinery, to discover and report needs of 
farmers, and to assist employment agents in meeting these needs. 
These things the granges did in a whole-hearted and thorough 
manner. 

The volunteer agents appointed as farm help representatives 
in each community were constantly increased in number, and 
rendered excellent service in reporting information regarding farm 
labor needs in directing men to farms as they were sent out by the 
Employment Offices, and in making some farm placements. By 
December, 191 8, there were approximately 1,800 such volunteer 
representatives. They were kept in touch with the progress of the 



7^ Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

Employment Service by circular letters of information, mailed to 
them at frequent intervals. After serving well under war condi- 
tions, it has been found that their service is also valuable in effect- 
ing a readjustment from war to peace conditions, and they are 
helping today to locate farm opportunities for discharged soldiers. 

Every effort was made to follow up complaints from farmers 
regarding lack of help and to furnish the men required. 

One such instance occurred in March, 1918, when a farmer 
from Muskingum County wrote, in pleading for help : 

"I have appealed to all sources 1 know of and 
advertised in quite a number of papers, to no effect. 

"Never mind about help for harvesting of crops, 
if we don't get help to plant and sow them. * *>::** 

"Advice is not what we need. We know. What 
we need is man power. Idle teams and dusty harness 
will not get anywhere. We are 'advised' by the au- 
thorities from the President down, but no one fur- 
nishes the means. 

"My only son will, no doubt, soon be at 

the front. However, we are reconciled to that. It 
must be done, — if the Kaiser wins we won't need any 
help." 

One of our traveling supervisors was immediately instructed 
to get into Zanesville to do anything that might be necessary to 
secure the help needed. Two experienced farm men were secured 
quickly, by special effort, in Zanesville, and an automobile was 
obtained to make the trip to the farm. It was found that the farmer 
making complaint lived on a bad mud road, oft' the pike, and that, 
as a consequence, men sent out to him had refused to wade the mud 
and had secured employment with farmers on the better road. 

Satisfactory arrangements were very promptly made between 
the farmer and one of the applicants taken out. The other man 
was placed with a neighbor. As a result, the farmer voluntarily 
became one of the local representatives of the Employment Ofifice. 



(7. 5". Boys Working Reserve 79 

THE UNITED STATES BOYS' WORKING RESERVE 

With the approach of the crop season of 1918, it became evi- 
dent that an increasing number of older boys, sixteen to twenty- 
one years of age, must be secured for farm work. Much had been 
accomplished in Ohio during 1917, along this line, but in 1918, 
under the leadership of Washington, through the United States 
Boys' Working Reserve, still further progress was attained. 

Following the policy of centralization of employment activities, 
which had proven so successful, C. H. Ma'yhugh upon suggestion 
from the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was appointed 
Federal State Director of the Boys' Working Reserve, without 
compensation. Vernon Reigel, Assistant Superintendent of Public 
Instruction for Ohio, was chosen as xA.ssistant Director. Every 
County Superintendent of Schools, as well as every superintendent 
and Principal of city, public and parochial schools, was appointed 
volunteer enrolling agent. 

A general publicity campaign was instituted over the state, not 
only to encourage boys to enroll, but to encourage farmers to try 
"boy help," As a result, over 18,000 boys were enrolled by early 
spring, and inquiries from farmers regarding boys had begun to 
come in. 

In many cases, boys interested in the Reserve either went on 
farms of relatives or found their own jobs, but wherever it was 
necessary to locate an opportunity for the boys, the Employment 
Offiices were utilized. The closest possible cooperative arrange- 
ments were perfected between the local school authorities and the 
Employment Offices, so that a job might be assured before a boy 
was released from school and so the school authorities might assure 
themselves that the boys were being placed in proper surroundings. 

In addition to the boys that were secured for farm work, 
several hundred were placed in war industry. Ohio owes much to 
these- boys for the splendid way in which they filled the places of 
men taken for military service. 

It was not possible to establish a number of boys' farm labor 
camps in Ohio, because of the nature of the agricultural projects 
of the state and because of the lack of sufficient funds to maintain 
such camps and provide necessary supervision. In the onion 



So Ohio Hrancli. ('ouiicil of Natioiu. h'fciisc 

jnarshes and beet fields boys were sent out in groups, but facilities 
were provided for daily transportation bei the home t wns 

and the fields. 

SAVING SUGAR '-• '- f- 

Perhaps the most notable achievement al6.\ ''~gricultura''^i^nes 
with boy labor was in the sugar beet fields of ' hwestern hio. 
just when the beets growing in the fields were re^ / to be ''blocked 
out'" our representative found that the farmers were preparing to 
plow under hundreds of acres of beets to make room for crops re- 
quiring less labor, because it was felt that it would be impossible to 
secure the labor necessary for beets — and this in the face of a 
known world sugar shortage. 

We found that boys could do the work required as well as men. 
Immediately every Employment Office and every enrolling agent of 
the Roys' Working Reserve in that section of the state was com- 
municated with. A supervisor of Employment offices from Colum- 
bus was assigned to the problem and the expenses of a Y. M. C. A. 
representative to the district were paid, so that the boys might not 
only be hurriedly gotten together, but also that their welfare might 
be assured. 

i'he same day the need for boys w^as discovered, boys were 
available by tens and twenties, although school was not yet closed. 
In a very few days, boys were furnished by hundreds. The ability 
to secure such help on short notice saved several hundred tons of 
sugar and proved the effectiveness of boy labor under war neces- 
sity. 

Many boys were also furnished to the canning factories. In 
every case, care was exercised to see that the boys were paid fair 
wages, were not overworked and that they were surrounded by 
proper moral influences. 

Many thousand badges, signifying service rendered, have been 
awarded to boys, but credit also is due the employers, both farmers 
and manufacturers, as well as the school and welfare organization 
authorities, for the cooperation which made this movement possible 
and successful. 

Anticipating still further need for boy labor on farms in 1919, 
a course of study on farm matters has been arranged in many 
schools for the spring months, using official texts issued by the 
Washington headquarters. 



Tlic Teachers' Divisiun 8i 

THE TEACHERS' DIVISION 

The Teache ivision of the Employment Service, under the 

OI lo Branch, C -il of National Defense, was organiezd in the 
lat*^"r part of ' 1918. It was quite late in the season for the 

pi iment of t rs when this department got under way. Almost 

at once, howe there was a tremendous response to the circulari- 
zation, in the way of calls from School Boards for teachers, and 
applications from those desiring employment as teachers. 

This department was organized because it was felt that some- 
thing should be done to assist the School Boards of the state in 
filling the vacancies which they had and which they were finding it 
impossible to fill by ordinary methods, because of the higher wages 
which private industries were offering under war conditions. It 
was felt that a great good could be accomplished by persuading 
those who had not taught for years to take up the profession again, 
as well as to persuade trained persons who had never taught to 
take up this work. 

Accordingly, E. A. Mead, who had been superintendent of the 
Dayton Employment Office for some time and who was especially 
well fitted, by years of experience in public school matters, to 
handle this new venture, was called to Columbus and given the 
responsibility of launching this work. 

Assisting j\lr. Mead was Miss Maud Davis, who later took 
over responsibility for conduct of the Teachers' Division, when 
Mr. Mead was transferred to general supervisory work in the Em- 
ployment Service. 

MANY TEACHERS SECURED 

From June i to December 31. 1918. a total of 365 placements 
were made by this department. During this same period, a total of 
1,002 applicants registered with the department. One thousand two 
hundred and twenty requests for teachers were received from 
school authorities. A total of 1,946 references were made. It 
should be understood, of course, that in many cases an applicant 
was referred to several boards at the same time. 

Approximately twenty per cent of the teachers placed were 
persons who had either never been in the teaching profession or 
had been out of the profession for some time. 

t) C. OF X. D. 



82 OIlio Braiicli, Council of Xatioiuil Dcfcnsc 

The average wage of the teachers placed was approximately 
$800 per year. The maximum salary secured for an applicant was 
$2,300. ^lany positions were filled at good salaries, but because of 
the low rates paid in the rural districts, and the necessity of 
doing everything possible to fill such positions, the average rate is 
low. 

The placement record of this department is considerably less 
than it would have been if it were not for the policy, adopted when 
the department was first started, that no one alreadv under contract 
be placed in another school. This polic}- has been consistently fol- 
lowed out. Following are the figures b}- monthis indicating the 
work of this department: 

Regis- Rc- 

trations. Calls, fcrrcd. Placed. 

June 402 387 Id''' .... 

July 199 152 W?> 4n 

August 114 340 (310 14G 

September lo9 183 416 116 

October 42 00 151 36 

November 27 20 52 10 

December 59 77 214 17 

Total 1,002 1,220 1,946 365 

OHIO'S LABOR SUPPLY PROTECTED 

During the spring of 191S, the shortage of heljj in various lines 
became more apparent. Ohio was called on again and again by 
authorities at Washington to furnish workers for eastern war and 
ship building industries. 

Whenever such calls were receiyed, Washington was advised 
that a definite quota must be assigned to Ohio and that Ohio must 
not be asked to furnish more than her just share of such workers. 

An instance of this kind occurred in April. 1918. Ohio was 
called upon to furnish 2,500 men for eastern shipyards. On April 
13, 1918, the following telegram was sent to Washington : 

'Tn undertaking to cooperate with you. we have 
supplied twenty-four hundred twenty-five workers for 
shipyards this week. Nine hundred sixty-seven sent 
Monday, fourteen hundred and fifty-eight Friday. In 
order to cause least possible disturbance of industries 
we have drawn men in fair proportion from every 



Protcctiuy Ohio's Labor Sitpplv S3 

employment division in our state as follows: Akron, 
163: Canton. 88; Chillicothe, 13; Cincinnati. 464; 
Cleveland. 609; Columbus. 366; Dayton, 66; Hamil- 
ton. 21; Lima. 3; Manstield, 34; Steubenville. 10; 
Tiffin. 2 ; Toledo, 202 ; \\\ashington C. H., 10; Youngs- 
town. 181 : Zanesville. 17. Employment divisions in 
turn drew from practically every locality in their dis- 
tricts. In future requests on state, please indicate 
total men wanted as well as Ohio's proportion, in 
order that we can show to employers that Ohio is con- 
tributing only her fair proportion. We. are drawing 
least possible number from most essential industries." 

The Washington authorities did not seem to appreciate fully 
the situation in Ohio even after such a telegram, as is indicated by 
the following telegram under date of May i, 1918: 

"Philadelphia shipyard calling for two hundred 
white laborers, three hundred colored. Can you fur- 
nish any and how many ?" 

In replying, attention was again called to the necessity of the 
allotment oi definite quotas to each state with the idea of the needs 
of the entire country in mind, as follows : 

"Your wire yesterda}'. Ohio will furnish its 
quota white and colored shipyard laborers. Advise 
our proportion with full information concerning job 
and the department to which transportation should 
be charged." 

In response, a telegram was received from Washington giving 
the full number of men needed in shipyards immediately and 
Ohio's share. Very soon after this another request for men w'as 
received from the Washington. D. C. local Employment Office, as 
follows : 

"Arrange for shipment of men for work at Camp 
Humphrey. \'a.. as soon as possible, wages thirty-five 
cents hour; work ten hours: paid for eleven: housing 
free ; board twenty-one meals one dollar fifty cents ; 
pay weekly : transportation provided charged to 
Division of Cantonments. A\'ar Department. Wire 



84 Ohio Branch. Council of Xatio)ial Defense 

time of arrival and number of men shipped. Will 
send man from this office to assist if needed." 

The following reply was sent : 

"We will be unable to ship men to Camp 
Humphrey until the total number of men needed on 
this job has been prorated to the various states and 
Ohio requested to furnish only her fair proportion. 
Ohio's war activities need all her people, but are 
willing to- get along with reduced numbers in order 
that other important war activities be supplied. \\'e 
shipped one hundred fifty-six laborers to Construction 
Company in Washington on April 17. Orders should 
be placed on this office by the Director General at 
Washington, D. C." 

In reply, the Assistant Director General wired as follows: 

"War needs are such that one hundred and fifty 
men weekly from Ohio would not be an unfair pro- 
portion for work at Washington and vicinity." 

This plan of response to appeals from Washington, which it 
was possible to assume because of the ability of the Ohio offices to 
supply the state's fair share of workers, accomplished much toward 
lightening the state's burden of supplying men for outside. It 
also helped to make it increasingly apparent that some strong central 
agency must be built up in Washington to bring together the em- 
ployment activities of the states and to determine the war burden 
that must be assumed by each state. 

OHIO'S HELP IN ORGANIZING A NATION-WIDE EMPLOY- 
MENT SERVICE 

The United States War Labor Policies Boanl. realizing the 
necessity of immediate correction of the disastrous trend of the 
labor market, called in a number of advisors from among those 
over the country who were most familiar with the organization and 
operation of public Employment Offices. 

Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman. Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense, and head of the Ohio Employment Service, in 
recognition of Ohio's accomplishments, was called to Washington- 



Ohio's Part in Rntployment Service 85 

for advice at this time. C. H. Mayhugh, his assistant, and W. M. 
Leiserson followed him in a few days. As a result of this confer- 
ence, it was determined that there must be considerable change in 
the plan of organization of the United States Employment Service 
to enable it to become a factor in the stupendous problems looming 
up. Stringent regulations affecting the recruiting of labor were 
also urged by the War Policies Board. 

A short time later, Mr. Croxton, because of the widespread 
recognition of his leadership in employment problems, was urged 
by the Chairman of the War Labor Policies Board, the Director 
General of the United States Employment Service, and finally by 
the Secretary of War, to spend a month or more in Washington 
as expert advisor to assist in the reorganization of the United States 
Employment Service. Mr. Croxton, realizing that the needs of the 
country were paramount to those of the state, called to his assist- 
ance a ntunber of men representing various viewpoints of the pob- 
lem presented, and arranged to spend the time required in Wash- 
ington. From Ohio, Mr. Croxton secured to assist him: T. J. 
Dufify, Chairman of the Industrial Commission of Ohio; Professor 
William M. Leiserson, of Toledo University; W. H. Winans, Em- 
ployment Manager of the National Carbon Company, Cleveland ; 
and Wilbur F. Maxwell, and later C. H. Mayhew of the Ohio Em- 
ployment Service. In addition Dudley Kennedy, of the Industrial 
Relations Division of the Hog Island Shipyard, formerly an Ohio 
man, and Mark M. Jones, Welfare Director of the Thomas A. Edi- 
son Industries, were associated with Mr. Croxton in this task. 

As the result of a month's work on the part of this committee 
of advisors, the Director General of the United States Employment 
Service approved plans launching the Service on a program of 
reorganization, with each state designated as an operating unit. 
General policies of the Service were outlined, and a reorganization 
of the Administrative Offices at Washington along the lines promis- 
ing greatest efficiency was effected. 

A part of the Ohio Employment Service staff was detained in 
Washington on this work during the greater part of July and 
August, 1918. The preliminary plans of the Employment Service 
were announced during this period, and, following the plan out- 
lined in the Presidential Proclamation of June 17, the United 
States Employment Service took over the entire task of recruiting 
unskilled labor for war industries, effective August i, 191 8. 



<S6 Olin) BrancJi, Council of National Defense 

HOW OHIO REORGANIZED 

Up to this time, the Ohio Employment Service had cooperated 
with the federal government in every possible way, but the federal 
government was not sharing in the expense of the Employment 
Offices. The United States Employment Service, facing the stu- 
pendous task given it by the President's proclamation, planned 
extension of Employment Service in every state. While in Wash- 
ington, the committee had urged that the state be made the adminis- 
trative unit for the Employment Service, and that the states share 
as near equally as possible in the expense of the Service. In Ohio, 
it was agreed to cooperate fully, bringing all authority, both state 
and federal, under one head. This was accomplished by the selec- 
tion of a State Advisory Board, composed of two members of the 
Industrial Commission of Ohio, two representatives of organized 
labor, two representatives of management, and the Federal Director 
of Emplovment for Ohio, as chairman. Mr. Croxton was appointed 
Federal Director of Employment for Ohio, without compensation ; 
C. H. Mayhugh was appointed Associate Director; Wilbur F. Max- 
well, Assistant Director; Miss M. Edith Campbell, Director of 
W^omen's Department, without compensation ; and Miss Rachel 
Gallagher. Assistant Director of Women's Work. 

The State Advisory Board was selected by a State Organiza- 
tion Committee, upon which both management and workers were 
given representative. This Organization Committee also had the 
task of getting Federal Community Labor Boards under way over 
the state. On this committee, Whiting Williams. Director of Per- 
sonnel of the Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company, Cleveland, repre- 
sented management, and Hubert S. Marshall, Secretary, Journey- 
men Horseshoers of America, Cincinnati, represented the workers. 
The Federal Director of the state served as chairman on both this 
committee and the State Advisory Board. 

The niemljcrs of the State Advisory Board were as follows: 

Representing the workers — 

Arnold Bill. Secretary-Treasurer, 

State (.■ouncil Carpenters and Joiners Cleveland 

T. J. Duffy, Chairman, 

Industrial Commission of Ohio. Columbus 

J. J. Quinlivan, Vice President, 

State Federation of Labor Toledo 



Employuioit Offices Established Sj 

Representing management — 
Herbert Elliot, Member, 

Industrial Commission of Ohio Columbus 

W. A. Grieves, Assistant Secretary, 

Jeffrey Manufacturing Company Columbus 

C. S. Robinson, Vice President, 

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Youngstown 

NEW EMPLOYMENT OFFICES ESTABLISHED 
Additional offices were projected in Ohio in seventeen cities, 
and thirteen branch offices in the larger cities were also proposed. 
It was not possible, however, to proceed with this expansion at 
once, owing to the absence of the members of the staff who were in 
Washington. 

In September, expansion of the United States Employment 
Service in Ohio, as it was now called, was begun with federal funds. 
The very best men in the Employment Service who had been trained 
in Employment Offilce work were promoted to field organizing 
work. Locations were rented in each of the cities in which an office 
was to be established. The selection of the superintendents in this 
case, according to the federal plan, was delegated to the State 
Advisory Board. This board endeavored to interview personally 
all applicants for superintendencies, but it was soon found to be 
an impossible task for busy men volunteering their service, and 
it was determined to send field supervisors of the Employment 
Service into each community, to interview applicants and to recom- 
mend to the State Advisory Board. These supervisors were sent 
out in pairs, so that the applicant might be interviewed from two 
different points of view. 

NEW LABOR SUPPLIES TAPPED 

Every effort was made to open the offices in the smaller cities 
first, before expanding the organization in the cities, as it was 
thought that the new sources of labor supply might be reached in 
this way. As a consequence, the signing of the armistice found 
the Employment Service in Ohio without adequate facilities in the 
larger cities. It was felt that large cities, such as Cleveland, could 
not be properly served by a single Employment Office. The pro- 
gram of additional offices in these cities, however, was not carried 
out, as originally outlined, for the reason stated. 



88 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

The Employment Offices, confronted with the task of supply- 
ing workers for war industries, with thousands of men withdrawn 
for military service, put forth every efifort to meet the situation. 
Extra labor scouts were put on in offices where they could be of 
service. These workers scoured the state to secure help for em- 
ployers. Employment Office systems, in some cases, were re-ad- 
justed to meet the new conditions. 

FEDERAL COMMUNITY LABOR BOARDS 

The task of separating the "less essential" industries (those 
which could surrender labor without impairing the nation's war 
efforts) and of creating public sentiment in favor of the transfer 
of workers to essential work was left to so-called local Federal 
Community Labor Boards, under supervision of the administrative 
offices of the United States Employment Service. It was recog- 
nized that the functions of these boards could not be discharged 
satisfactorily by any but a local agency, for the reason that com- 
plete knowledge of each local situation would be lacking. 

These boards were organized in a manner that was deemed the 
best guarantee against injustice to either employer or employee. 
Labor and management were given each a representative on each 
board. These members served without pay, and were the direct 
connecting link between the government and their respective 
groups. The third member, chosen with the approval of these two, 
was the official representative of the United States Employment 
Service. He was sworn in as an officer of the federal government, 
and received a salary of one dollar a year. A board with a mem- 
bership thus constituted, it was felt, would truly represent the inter- 
ests of the community. 

The function of these boards w^as to select those industries 
which could spare labor without affecting the national program and 
to bring about the withdrawal from those industries of a fair share 
of labor as it was needed in urgent war work. To carry out a 
measure of this kind required the utmost cooperation from the 
interests aft'ected, and from the community at large. Accordingly, 
not the least part of the tasks of these boards was to build up a 
public sentiment that would produce the needed cooperation. 

It is a striking testimonial to the tact, judgment and patriot- 
ism of these boards that they performed their duties in a most 



Local Boards in Action 89 

efficient manner, judged from the standpoint of the community and 
the government. 

THE LOCAL BOARDS IN ACTION 

The Federal Community Labor Board at Columbus was the 
first of such boards organized in Ohio. Its organization was rushed 
to completion in September, 1918, in response to an acute situation 
at the great government storage depot at East Columbus, where a 
scarcity of labor was threatening to prevent completion before 
winter. This storage depot was one of three such plants which 
were being rushed in order to clear supplies for the overseas army, 
and thereby prevent a repetition of the heavy and well-nigh hope- 
less freight congestion along the Atlantic seaboard during tthe 
winter of 1917-1918. 

Failure to complete this plant would have seriously endangered 
the government's program for supplying the troops in France. A 
minimum of yoo laborers was needed at once, the Community Labor 
Board was told, if the building was to be gotten into shape for use 
by winter. 

The board immediately set about to obtain the needed workmen 
from the less essential work in Columbus. Employers in the various 
groups of industries classed as "less essential" by the board were 
summoned to conference, and the situation in each group was 
examined. Quotas of workmen to be released by individual em- 
ployers for work at the storage plant were fixed, after careful con- 
sideration. Only those workers who could be spared with the least 
disturbance to the general situation were asked. Building and con- 
struction contractors, merchants, manufacturers and employers in 
many so-called non-war work lines gave up a part of their force in 
response to requests from the board. The city of Columbus turned 
over entire street cleaning and refuse collection forces. 200 men in 
all, for a period of two weeks. 

Through the efforts of the board, the completion of the work 
practically on schedule time was made possible. 

Cincinnati and Toledo, where the government was rushing 
construction on huge air nitrates plants, furnished similar instances 
in October. The product of these plants, ammonium nitrate, the 
base of most explosives, was urgently needed to provide the neces- 
sary reserve supply of ammunition for the army. Unless these 



90 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

plants could be gotten under roof before winter, it would not be 
possible to have the machinery installed and the plants in operation 
in time to supply the fighting forces in the then contemplated 1919 
military operations. 

Federal Community Labor Boards in these cities made it pos- 
sible to speed up the construction work by supplying thousands of 
workmen who had been withdrawn from less essential lines of 
occupation. 

Again, at Fremont, where a local firm, engaged in important 
ordnance work, was hampered by a serious shortage of labor, the 
Federal Community Labor Board assisted in supplying the neces- 
sary number of men. 

Thirty-five such boards were fully organized when the signing 
of the armistice ended war operations. Several others were con- 
templated, and some were partly organized. 

WOMEN IN INDUSTRY 

When the government was forced to the decision to undertake 
a general substitution of women for men wherever practicable in 
industry. Federal Community Labor Boards were directed to under- 
take this work, bearing in mind at all times the physical and moral 
safeguards provided by law and by a general policy laid down by 
the government through tiie War Labor Policies Board. 

At the same time. Federal Community Labor Boards were 
notified that two women members, one representing labor and the 
other management, or emj^loyers, were to be added to their mem- 
bership. 

The ending of hostilities rendered unnecessary the substitution 
of women, as planned, before this process had been carried forward 
to any extent, and women had been added to the membership of 
the Community Boards in only three Ohio cities. 

AFTER-WAR ACTIVITIES 

These boards, the first local agency of the kind ever set up, 
continued to discharge important duties after the cessation of hos- 
tilities. Li Ohio, boards in the seven larger cities have been con- 
ducting weekly canvasses of the labor situation in their districts. 
Their reports enable the federal government, through the United 



After War Activities 91 

States Employment Service, to know from week to week the con- 
dition of the labor market. 

These boards have also been rendering important assistance in 
handling the returned soldier, by providing a point of contact for 
the Employment Service with the employers, workers and general 
public, and by directing the efforts of local branches of the various 
welfare organizations and other local bodies to assist in getting the 
discharged war worker and soldier back into civil employment 
promptly. It is expected that the value of this splendid organiza- 
tion can be preserved permanently by making these boards peace- 
time advisory boards to the b2mployment Offices. 

The following Federal Community Labor Boards were organ- 
ized in Ohio during the war period : 

Akron Cliairman C. R. Grant 

, Management Wm. Stephens 

Labor S. L. Ntuman 

Bucyrus Chairman Rev. C. E. Buerkle 

Management E. J. Songer 

Labor Arthur Schuler 

Canton Chairman Judge W'm. B. Quinn 

-Management Oliver W. Renkert 

Labor Thomas Kennedy 

Chiljicothe Chairman J. F. Prout 

Management Hector McVicker 

Labor Oliver VonClausburg 

Cincinnati Chairman Hon. Wm. H. Lenders 

Management J. M. Manley 

Labor Jos Cullen 

Cleveland Chairman Rev. Francis T. Moran 

Management John A. Penton 

Labor James F. Malley 

Columbus Chairman Rev. Timothy Lehman 

Management A. H. Thomas 

Labor C. J. Tucker 

Cosh6cton Chairman R. M. Temple 

Management C. B. McCoy 

Labor Fred Tish 



92 Ohio Branch , Council of National Defense 

Dayti'ii Chairman .* Maurice D. Larkin 

Management Louis Ruthenburg 

Labor . . '. Grant Fink 

East Liverpool Chairman W. V. Blake 

Management T. A. McNicol 

Labor David W. Johnson 

Findlav Chairman Dr. G. A. Biedermann 

Management W. E. Houck 

Labor W. H. Robertson 

Fremont Chairman Judge John B. Coonrod 

Management Wm. Sanger 

Labor Walter Oxlej- 

Hamilton Chairman Hon. J. B. Connaughton 

AL'inagement George C. Greist 

Labor Louis F. Nau 

Management Mrs. Mary Williamson 

Labor Mrs. Thomas Beckett 

Ironton Chairman A. J. Hanna 

Management Edwin Kurtz 

Labor Arthur James 

Lima Chairman A. W. Wheatley 

Management William L. Reid 

Labor A. L. Wilker 

L.irain Chairman Joseph Gould 

Management R. J. Aspin 

Labor John B. Kihm 

Mansfield Chairman . Rev. (). L. Kiplinger 

Management W. H. Davey 

Labor Edward S. Nagle 

Marion Chairman Rev. Jesse Swank 

Management J. A. Williams 

Labor Edward L. Trott 

Middletown Cliairman W. T. Butterfield 

Management L. C. Anderson 

Labor CM. Downey 



Federal Comiiniiiifv Labor Boards ■ 93 

Newark Chairinan Charles H. StuU 

Management George E. Pickup 

Labor William Cocanour 

Niles Chairman Joseph B. Smith 

Management Charles S. Thomas 

Labor B. F. Jones 

Management Mr>. Miriam B. Wilson 

Labor Mrs. Marion E. Kelly 

Piqua Chairman J. Clare Hughes 

ALinagement John P. Spiker 

Labor Charles O. Crowel 

Portsmouth Chairman Fred Tynes 

Management J. F. Eckhart 

Labor James Jackman 

Sandusky Chairman J. J. Hinde 

ALnnagement Henry Squire 

Labor A. H. Koester 

jManagement Mrs. John Mertz 

Labor Aliss Mary Ohlemacher 

Springfield Chairman C. J. Heckert 

^Linagement Wilbur J. Myers 

Labor R. Fred Shields 

St. ^Larys Chairman J. F. Stout 

Management Everett Ainley 

Labor A. E. Skinner 

Steubenville Chairman James Reynolds 

Management J. W. Gill 

Labor George Barthold 

Tiffin Chairman H. H. Frazier 

Management George Kalbfleisch 

Labor Ray Dryfuse 

Toledo Chairman Ed. P. Usher 

Management C. F. Ruddiman 

Labor Henry Baum 

Urbana Chairman John McLaughlin 

Management L. S. Howard 

Labor T. H. Brown 



94 ■ Ohio Branch. Caitiicil <»/ Xatiaiial Dcfoisc 

Warren Chairman John Murray 

Management W . H. R. Ward 

Labor W. li. L rawford 

Washington C. H.... Chairman T. J. Lindsay 

Management I . J. Rodgers 

Labor James Wilhams 

Wilmington Chairman Judge Frank Clevinger 

ALmagement P. S. Horton 

Labor Horace W. Meeks 

Youngstown Chairman W. P. Marnum 

AFanagement R. C. Steese 

Labor O. J. Grubb 

Xenia Chairman C. P". Ridenour 

Management A, H. Findlay 

Lal)or W. C. Downs 

Zanesville Cliairman L. H. Wise 

Management .A. P. Murphy 

Lal:)or Charles Lake 

THE SYSTEM AXD PfS ^HiTHODS 

A total of forty-one offices had been ojiened by late in the fall. 
Two of these were temporary offices established at the nitrate plants 
at Toledo and Cincinnati. 

The following is a complete list of Em])loyment Offices estab- 
lished and operated in Ohio to meet war needs : 

Akron — -Established prior to war by Lidustrial Commission of Ohio. 
Alliance — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment Service. 
Ancor Nitrate Plant (Cincinnati) — Established in 1918 by United 

States Employment Service. Discontinued December 31, 1918. 
Ashtabula — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 
Barberton — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 

Discontinued December 31, 1918. 
Canton — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National 

Defense. 
Chillicothe — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National 

Defense. 
Cincinnati — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission of 

Ohio. 



T!u- System and its Methods 95 

Cleveland — 

City Hall Office — Established prior to war by Industrial Com- 
mission of Ohio. 

Collinwood Office — Established in 1018 by United States Em- 
ployment Service. 

Phillis Wheatley Office — Established in 1017 by Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense, in connection with the 
Phillis Wheatley Association. Serves negro women. 

St. Clair Office — Established in 1918 by United States Employ- 
ment Service. 

Superior Office — Established in 1918 I)y United States Employ- 
ment Service. 
Columbus — Established prior to war bv Industrial Commission of 

Ohio. 
Coshocton — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 
Dayton — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission of Ohio. 
East Liverpool — Established in 1918 by United States Employment 

Service. 
Findlay — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 
Hamilton — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National 

Defense. 
Lima — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National 

Defense. 
Lorain — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment Service. 
Mansfield — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National 

Defense. 
Marietta — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National 

Defense. 
Marion — Established in 1017 by Ohio Branch, Council of National 

Defense. 
Martins Ferry — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment 

Service. 
Middletown — Established in 1918 by L'nited States Employment 

Service. 
Newark — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 
Niles — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 
Nitrate Plant fToledo)- Established in 1918 by United States Em- 
ployment Service. Discontinued December 31. 1918. 
Piqua — Established in 1918 by LHiited States Employment Service. 
Portsmouth — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National 

Defense. 
Sandusky — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National 

Defense. 
Springfield — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National 

Defense. 

Steubenville — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch. Council of National 
Defense. 



g6 Ohio Bnincli. Cainicil of Xali.ouil Defense 

Tiffin — Establislicd in 1M17 lj\' Uhio Branch. Council of National 

Defense. 
Toledo — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission oi' Uliio. 
Warren — Established in 1918 by United States Employment Service. 
Washington C. H. — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of 

National Defense. 
Youngstown — Established prior to war by Industrial Commission of 

Ohio. 
Zanesville — Established in 1917 by Ohio Branch, Council of National 

Defense. 

These offices provided facilities for keeping constantly in touch 
with the situation in every section of the state. At a time when 
employers were anxious to follow every possible clue to secure 
labor it was possible to obtain, first hand, reliable information about 
labor market conditions. Employers were directed only to points 
where there was a possibility of securing workers without disturb- 
ing essential war industries. As every employer going out of his 
district was required to work under a recruiting permit, it was 
possible to protect critical points. 

With extensive daily reports and constant telephone and tele- 
graph communications with the offices, together with advance notice 
from Washington of the award of war contracts, it was possible to 
handle the situation with intelligence. Thousands of workers were 
transferred from less essential to war work. In some cases, where 
large numbers were released from less essential industry, an emerg- 
ency Employment Office was opened at the plant to care for the 
transfer of workers without loss of time and to effect an equitable 
distribution. 

In the offices, all orders were given attention in the order of 
their importance as war industries. In the larger offices the most 
important orders were designated by special colored tabs and the 
number of workers called for by each firm was scaled according to 
the importance of the order. For instance, if there were orders for 
300 unskilled laborers and there were only 150 available, the num- 
ber available would be distributed as fairly as possible to the most 
essential industries. 

SPECIAL HELP FOR WOMEN 

As it became evident in the late fall that women would have 
to be introduced into industry in large inmibers to take the place 



After Armistice Was Signed 97 

of men called for military service, special plans were laid for the 
extension of Woman's Departments over the state. Three held 
organizers were selected from among the w^omen who seemed best 
fitted for such work, and these workers were sent to the various 
offtces to select personnel and organize effective Woman's Depart- 
ments. In addition, special women workers were sent into smaller 
cities not covered by Employment Offices, to recruit women for war 
industries. Great care was exercised, throughout the campaign for 
the placement of women, not to break down wage standards or 
established safeguards. 

STATE'S SHARE IN WORK FINAXXIALLY 
During this entire period the Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense, continued to bear approximately the same expense that 
had been carried prior to the financial cooperation of the federal 
government. A portion of this expense was for newspaper adver- 
tising. Federal funds could not be used for newspaper advertising, 
so, by agreement, it was arranged to carry all necessary advertising 
of this kind with Council of Defense funds. This advertising has 
been a tremendous factor in the successs of the offices. 

This financial interest in the Employment Service has been of 
great value to the state because of the ability to make the Service 
effective in serving state and national interests. 

THE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE AFTER THE ARMISTICE WAS 

SIGNED 

Almost immediately after the signing of the armistice, employ- 
ment conditions reversed themselves. It became increasingly im- 
portant to have facilities in every locality. War industries began 
releasing workers in the large centers, many of whom had come 
from smaller towns and cities and there was an exodus to those 
smaller centers. In the same way, the discharged soldiers were re- 
turning to the same centers. 

Immediately after the armistice was signed, Washington was 
urged to arrange to give the Employment Service Offices advance 
notices of cancellation of large contracts, so that the release of 
large numbers of workers might be anticipated. This was worked 
out and as soon as such advance notice was received in the Central 
Office in Columbus the local office was called by 'phone and in- 

7 C. 'F N. D. 



98 Ohio Branch. Council of National F^cfcnsc 

structed to get in toiKh with the plants attected at unce. A report 
was then made to the Clearance Division in C'olumhus and if it 
was felt that all of the workers released could not he absorhed 
localh'. an ettort would he made to have employers from other locali- 
ties send representatives to otter employment to those released. 

RELEASED WAR WORKERS HANDLED 

The superintendents of Employment Offices were instructed to 
keep constantly in touch with employers, and to keep the Central 
Office in Columbus informed concerning important developments. 
Wdienever advance information concerning the release of any large 
number of workers was secured, the nearest Employment C)t¥ice 
superintendent was instructed to arrange to establish an Employ- 
ment Office at the plant to distril;)ute the workers released without 
loss of time. 

Eor instance, in one city, quite recentl}-. the Central (Office was 
advised that a certain compan}- would release 450 men. The local 
Employment Office superiiitendent immediately arranged to open an 
office at the plant and get in touch with all of the employers in his 
district with respect to the men who would be released. 

The plant, meanwhile, had furnished a list showing the num- 
ber of men in each occupation who would be included in the lay-off. 
The Clearance Division at Columbus was notified that all of the 
men could not be absorbed in that city, and immediately a number 
of the largest firms in the state needing help were communicated 
with. As a result, several firms needing help of the type available 
sent representatives to take out as many men as ])Ossible of those 
that would be released. All of the 450 were absorbed without 
delay. About one hundred of these were sent out of the city. 

In another case, a company released 400 skilled and 300 un- 
skilled workers. An Employment Office was established at the 
plant and 150 men were sent out of the city, and the rest were 
absorbed locally. 

At another large plant, 2700 men and 700 women were re- 
leased, most of these semi-skilled or specialty workers. A number 
of the firms over the state were persuaded to send representatives 
to secure these workers. About 300 were sent out of the city. It 
was found possible to secure employment for the balance in the 
cit\' in which the plant was located. 



Jl'ork for Piscluvu/cd S\ldicrs 99 

At the Air Nitrate Plants in Cincinnati and Toledo, about <j.ooo 
workers were released ; about 5.000 at Cincinnati and 4.000 at 
Toledo. These released workers were handled through special 
offices established at the plants. The majority of them were ab- 
sorbed locally, but many were sent over the state. 

Many other similar instances could be cited to show that the 
Employment Service is just as essential in handling the labor market 
at a time when there is a tendency toward a surplus of workers, as 
during a period when workers are very badly needed. 

FINDING WORK FOR THE DISCHARGED SOLDIERS 

The Employment Service in Ohio has put into execution the 
following plan to care for the demobilization of troops at Camp 
Sherman, the only demobilization point as yet designated in Ohio. 

The of^cials of Camp Sherman were interviewed and arrange- 
ments made to have representatives of the Employment Service 
established at the camp to interview soldiers as they were released. 
Arrangements wqre made for quarters at Sec. G-ii. Placards were 
prepared for posting in the Y. M. C. A., K. of C. and other organ- 
ization houses through the camp. In addition, slides were prepared 
for motion pictures in the camp and in Chillicothe ; signs were pre- 
pared to advertise the location of the office. 

It was arranged with the camp authorities that .as it requires 
three days to discharge a man, the second day would be given to 
the matter of employment. On this day the army authorities had 
all of the men who were to be discharged the next day brought to 
the central Y. M. C. A. auditorium early in the morning. A repre- 
sentative of the Employment Service addresses the men, telling 
them very briefly about the Employment Service and just what it 
was expected to accomplish. 

At this meeting folders explaining the purpose of the Employ- 
ment Service, and the location of the offices in Ohio, were passed 
out to the men. Those desiring to take advantage of the service 
offered, were asked to call at an adjacent barracks for interview. 

When larger numbers called than could be interviewed at once, 
they were asked to return at various hours during the day. 

The Personnel Division of the army agreed to make available 
to the Employment Service in Ohio the army qualification cards. 
These cards contain the industrial history of each man, the in for- 



100 (iliiii Bratu'li. L oiiiicil of Xatioiial Dcfoisc 

niation having been secured at the time the man enhsted. In for 
mation needed for the Ohio follow-up system was copied from 
these cards. 

Each morning the qualification cards of the men who were 
addressed that morning were received at the camp of^ce, and then 
as the men presented themselves for interview, their qualification 
cards were used as the basis of the interview. 

HOW SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 

The Personnel Division of the army furnished the soldier inter- 
viewers, but these men were trained and guided by representatives 
of the Employment Service. Each man interviewed was referred 
to the Employment Ofifice nearest his destination with an introduc- 
tion card, and registered on an Employment Service form. This 
form was sent the same day to the Employment Of^ce to which the 
man was directed. After information from the qualification cards 
was copied on Employment Service cards, these cards were sorted 
according to employment districts, and states other than Ohio, and 
each of the offices in Ohio ; and each of the Federal Directors in 
the other states to which considerable numbers of men were return- 
ing, were advised by mail of the number of men of each occupation 
leaving for their district the next day. Copies of the qualification 
cards of soldiers going to other states were immediately sent on to 
the Federal Director of those states. 

The interviewers at Camp Sherman were provided with full 
information, revised daily, concerning the need for men throughout 
the state. To obtain this information each of the Em])loyment 
Offices was required to report to Columbus each night the full num- 
ber of men of each occupation that were called for by emjiloyers. 
together with full particulars regarding rates of wage, iiours of 
labor, and the like. 

Soldiers were not sent to specific jobs but in every case were 
referrred to the nearest Employment Office, so that the possibility 
of a job being filled before they would reach it did not leave them 
disappointed. As they were referred to the Employment Office it 
was possible to send them out to another job if the particular job 
which the interviewer had in mind had been filled by the time they 
reached their destination. 



A Typical Day's Work lOi 

In organizing the information which was furnished to Camp 
Sherman, the cooperation of Community Labor Boards, volunteer 
farm and industrial representatives, of whom there are about i,8oo, 
and county agricultural agents were solicited and utilized. 

FORMER EMPLOYERS NOTIFIED 

Copies of the qualification cards of the soldiers not interviewed 
at Camp Sherman, and who said they were expecting to return to 
points in Ohio, were forwarded to the Columbus office at the close 
of each day. Follow-up letters were sent from the Columbus office 
to the previous employer of each soldier. This follow-up letter 
merely advised the employer that the soldier, whose name was men- 
tioned, had been released and that he had stated that he previously 
worked for the employer addressed. If the employer desired to get 
in touch with the man mentioned, he was requested to communicate 
with the Employment Service Office mentioned in the letter. 

In addition, a follow-up letter was also sent to the home of 
each of these returned soldiers, calling attention to the service 
offered, and requesting him to call personally at the nearest Em- 
ployment Office if he was in need of assistance in securing employ- 
ment. If it was not possible for him to call at the Employment 
Office personally, he was asked to mail a franked post card enclosed 
with the follow-up letter, on which he was to indicate that he 
wanted to take advantage of the Employment Service. 

The Employment Office was charged with the responsibility of 
getting into touch with these soldiers as soon as they heard from 
them. 

Each of the Employment Offices was expected to make every 
effort to place these soldiers, and a follow-up of the soldiers who 
had been referred to the offices, and who did not put in appearance. 
was arranged. Employers throughout the state were canvassed daily 
for jobs for soldiers, and the daily report of such jobs was made 
just as complete as possible. 

Considerable publicity matter was issued from the Columbus 
office, asking employers to cooperate in this program, and explain- 
ing its details. 

A TYPICAL DAY'S WORK 

In presetning statistical data indicating the work of the Employ- 
ment Offices, the report of a single representative day has been 



102 Ohio Branch, Council of Xafiomil Defense 

selected. The day chosen, Monday, December 9, does not show the 
maximum placements of the offices for a single day, but it does 
give a fair indication of what has been accomplished day after 
day. 

On this day, a total of 3,971 persons made application for 
employment in the various offices ; 3.094 of these were men and 877 
women. 

On the same day, new orders were received from employers 
for 2,168 men and 837 women. 

Out of the total number of 3.971 applicants, 2,708 were re- 
ferred to employers. Of these. 2,028 were men and 680 women. 

Of the 2,708 applicants who were referred to jobs. 1,934 were 
reported as placed. Of these. 1.442 were men and 492 women. 
No credit was taken for placement until an actual report was re- 
ceived from the employer that the applicant had been hired. In 
some cases no report of the actual placement was secured, so that 
considerably more than the actual number reported might have been 
placed. 

Approximately thirty per cent of the men were placed in em- 
ployment requiring special training or skill, and. while a larger per- 
centage of the women were placed in positions requiring no pre- 
vious skill, yet the range of occupations covered is considerable. 

The combined daily reports of the ( )hio Employment Offices 
for December 9, 1918, show as follows: 

MALES 

Help 
Appli- Wanted by Referred Place- Trans- 
cants Employers to Jobs ments fers 
Agriculture — 

Farm hands, gardeners, dairy 

hands tiO 

Agricultural laborers 

Building and Construction — 

Carpenters 1('4 

Electricians (inside and out) 22 

Painters paper hangers, etc. . 39 

Pipe fitters and plumbers.... 26 
Roofers a n d sheet - metal 

workers lU 

Structural-iron workers 7 



39 


37 


21 


2 


9 


G 


■'1 




79 


•jO 


29 


8 


14 


12 


. 3 


2 


12 


20 


18 


1 


22 


8 







4 


6 


4 . 




8 


4 


3 





A Typical Day's Jl^ork 103 

Help 
Appli- Wanted by Referred Place- Trans- 
cants Employers to Jobs ments fers 
Other building trade me- 
chanics 27 16 19 19 

Building trade helpers 2S 34 32 22 1 

Casual Workers 65 62 61 39 

Chemicals, Oils, Paints, etc., •! 12 6 6 .. 

Clay, Glass and Stone Products IS 24 15 16 

Clerical, Professional and Tech- 
nical — 
Bookkeepers, accountants and 

cashiers 11 3 3 

Stenographers and typists... 2 .. 2 

Office clerks 95 7 11 5 1 

Teachers 1 

Others '..... 24 4 31.. 

Clothing and Textiles — 
Dressmakers and seamstresses -3 6 5 4 4 

Garment workers 2 

Hat, cap, and milliners 

ers 

Shirt, collar and cuff work- 
ers 

Textile workers 

Others 2 1 1 

Common Labor (not casual 

workers) 1.333 1.0-55 1,006 859 82 

Domestic and Personal Ser- 
vice — 

Domestics 

Laundry, cleaning, dyeing.. 1 1 1 1 .. 

Nurses and attendants 4 2 3 1 .. 

Others 1 1 

Food, Beverages and To- 
bacco — 
Bakery and confectionery 

v^rorkers 3 1 1 1 

Meat and butcher workmen. 2 . . 1 

Cannery workers 

Cigar, cigarette and tobacco. 

Others 4 6 7 3 

Hotel and Restaurant — 

Chambermaids 

Cooks and chefs 15 5 5 1 1 

Kitchen and pantry work- 
ers 10 2 4 1 



104 Ohio Branch. Council of Witional Defense 

Help 
Appli- Wanted by Referred I'lace- Trans- 
eaiits Eiiipluyers to Jobs luoits fers 

Matrons and hotel house- 
keepers 10 o 7 1 

Waiters and bus l)oys 2 2 2 

Others 27 10 10 G 

Leather, Rubber and Allied 
Products — 

Boot and shoe workers 3 .. 2 

Fur and glove workers 

Rubber workers 23 2ii 20 4 S 

Others 

Aletals and Machinery — 

Auto mechanics and garage 
workers 1^ 13 , 11 5 

Blacksmiths and boilermakers 10 17 11 2 .. 

Machinists, tool and die mak- 
ers 59 o5 30 11 3 

Machine hands and specialists 173 41 99 29 18 

Millwrights 11 2 1 

Alolders and core makers... 20 12 6 2 

Polishers, buffers, platers, 
etc 22 1 12 8 

Welders and cutters 10 7 2 

Helper and handy men, all 
trades 72 3.j 39 27 

Others ISO 7-5 85 30 2 

Aline and Quarry Workers — 

Skilled miners 4 4 2 

Others '9 23 10 

Paper and Printing — 

Pulp and paper mill work- 
ers 2 2 1 

Printers and pressmen 1 1 1 1 .. 

Feeders and bindery work- 
ers 1 

Paper box and bag workers. 

Others -1 

Shipbuilding — 

Riveters, chippers. calkers 
and reamers 19 19 18 18 17 

Ship fitters 

Ship carpenters 

Other distinct occupations... 50 55 55 55 55 

Shipbuilding laborers 19 34 34 32 32 



A Typical Day's Work 

Help 
Appli- Wanted by Referred 
eants Employers to Jobs 
Transportation and Public Utili- 
ties — 
Chauffeurs and auto truck 

drivers 8" 26 21 

Teamsters, stablemen and de- 
liverymen 30 27 2.2 

Track workers 22 142 74 

Trainmen, dispatchers, en- 

ginemen, etc 22 8 8 

Others 28 38 24 

Wholesale and Retail Trade — 

Sales people 13 5 11 

Shipping and stock clerks, 

packers, etc 10 4 2 

Others 3 1 1 

Woodworking and Furniture — 
Cabinetmakers and furniture 

Finishers 7 . . 2 

Machine woodworkers 7 3 1 

Others 9 5 5 

Miscellaneous — 

Apprentices, all trades 6 3 8 

Boys and girls (not other- 
wise classified) 30 18 14 

Cranemen and steamshovel 

men 7 1 2 

Elevator operators 1 

Engineers 22 4 12 

Firemen and oilers 42 14 18 

Watchmen, janitors, guards, 

etc 47 10 12 

Grand total 3,094 2,168 2,028 

FEMALES 

Casual Workers 436 448 408 

Chemicals Oils, Paints, etc... 7 25 7 

Clay, Glass and Stone Products 2 1 1 
Clerical, Professional and 

Technical — » 
Bookkeepers, accountants and 

cashiers 8 2 1 

Stenographers and typists ... 42 24 23 

Office clerks 62 12 25 



Place- 
ments 



12 

11 
65 

4 
14 



lO: 



Trans- 
fers 



4 
4 
2 

2 

6 

5 
1,442 

389 



240 



10 
12 



io6 Ohio Branch, Council of A'afional Defense 

Help 
Appli- Wanted by Referred Place- Trans- 
cants Employers to Jobs ments fers 

Teachers 

Others 9 1 1 1 

Clothing and Textiles — 

Dressmakers and seamstresses 1 

Garment workers 2 20 2 

Textile workers 1 . . 1 

Others 11 3 5 3 

Common Labor (not casual 

workers) 9 11 6 2 

Domestic and Personal Serv- 
ice — 

Domestics 65 111 o2 IS 

Laundry, cleaning, dyeing, etc. 

Nurses and attendants 

Others 

Food, Beverages and Tobacco — 

Bakery and confectioner}- 

wkrs 

Hotel and Restaurant — • 

Chambermaids 

Cooks and chefs 

Kitchen and pantry workers 

Matrons 

Waitresses 

Leather, Rubber and Allied 
Products — 

Boot and shoe workers 3 .. 3 

Others 9 2 2 2 

Metals and Machinery — 

Machine hands and specialists 2 1 

Dthers 9i> 35 52 • 16 

Paper and Printing — 

Feeders and bindery workers 1 . . 3 3 

Transportation and Public 
Utilities 

Chauffeurs and auto truck- 
drivers 1 

Wholesale and Retail Trade — 

Sales people in 14 13 3 

Others 3 

Woodworking and Furniture — 

Machine woodworkers 2 2 



5 


25 


9 


• o 


6 


13 


4 


2 


10 


11 


c> 


1 


1 




1 




15 


11 


in 


o 



;i 


in 


( 


4 


35 


35 


27 


11 


14 


20 


10 


1 



Clearance Diz'ision ' 107 

Help 
Appli- Wanted by Referred Place- Trans- 
cants Employers to Jobs meats fers 
Miscellaneou; — 

Apprentices, all trades 2 

Elevator operators 3 . . 1 

Watchmen, janitors, guards, 

etc 1 

Grand total 877 837 680 492 

CLEARANCE DIVISION 

The Clearance Division in the Central Office of the Employ- 
ment Service at Columbus has done most valuable work, not only 
in the issuance of a daily clearance bulletin of jobs and applicants, 
but also in emergency clearance by telephone and telegraph. When 
employers were anxious to scour the state for workers, up-to-the- 
minute information as to the availability of men was given them. 
When workers began to be released because of the cancellation of 
war contracts after the signing of the armistice, the situation was 
again materially relieved by the ability of the Clearance Division 
to get into touch with the employers over the state who were need- 
ing help and who would send a representative into the city afifected 
by the release. In every case, however, the effort was made to 
place workers locally and transfers were suggested only when there 
was no possibility of local placement. 

In the office of origin, credit was taken for the placement of 
men hired by an authorized representative of an outside company, 
even though the men were to be taken to outside districts. When 
workers were transferred to another office for placement, the office 
from which they were sent took credit for transfers, and not place- 
ments. A daily report was made to Columbus of all movements of 
workers between employment districts and out of the state. 

The daily transfer report for December 9 shows as follows : 

FROM DAYTON 

To Lorain 24 bolters 

To Lorain 16 erectors 

To Lorain 12 reamers 

To Lorain" 7 buckers 

To Lorain 5 heaters 

To Lorain 5 riveters 



io8 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

To Lorain 12 yard helpers 

To Lorain 3 passers 

To Lorain 1 punch helper 

To Lorain 4 constr. helpers 

To Springfield 13 auto mechanics 

To Piqua 7 polishers 

To Akron 3 tire builders 

To Hamilton 1 carpenter 

To Locicington 1 carpenter 

To Collinwood 1 drill press 

To Cleveland 1 ship builder 

FROM CINCINNATI 

To Mingo Junction GO laborers 

To Chillicothe 14 laborers 



FROM CLKVELAXD 

To Lorain 40 laborers 

To Mingo Junction 36 laborers 

To Bellefontaine 15 laborers 

To Barberton 13 laborers 

To Agosta 11 laborers 

To Youngstown 15 laborers 

To Crestline 10 laborers 

To Marion 9 laborers 

To Canton 5 laborers 

To Fairport 4 laborers 

To Garrett, Indiana 19 laborers 

To New Castle Junction, Pa 7 laborers 

FROM TOLEDO 

To Lorain 7 laborers 

To Alliance 32 laborers 

To Alliance 3 carpenters 

To Warren 23 laborers 

To Ashtabula '■'<?> laborers 

To Orrville 3 laborers 

To Walbridge 5 laborers 

To Walbridge 1 farm hand 

To Mansfield 4 laborers 

To. Barberton 1 polisher 

To Reynolds Corners 1 farm hand 

To Berkley 1 farm hand 

To Allegheny. Pa 4 laborers 



Clearance Dk'isioii 109 

FROM COLUMIiUS 

To Steubenville 1 miner 

To San Toy 1 miner 

To Mansfield 2 farm hands 

To Nelsonville G laborers 

To Dennison 5 laborers 

To Chillicothe 4 laborers 

To Bradford 3 laborers 

To Erie, Pa 25 laborers 

To Erie. Pa 16 brick layers 

To Erie, Pa 11 carpenters 

To Erie, Pa 6 hod carriers 

To Bower, W. Va 1 miner 

To Williamson, W. Va 8 laborers 

To Wilcoe, W. Va 1 laborer 

FROM YOUNGSTOWN 

To Sufiield, — Balloon Flying Field 26 laborers 

FROM PORTSMOUTH 

To Akron 1 machinist 

To Chillicothe 1 lineman 

To Chillicothe 9 laborers 

FROM NF.WARK 

To Barberton 3 rubber workers 

To Chillicothe 6 laborers 

FRO^r STFUP.IVILLI-: 

To Chillicothe 10 laborer's 

FROM VVARREX 

To Niles ■ 2 carpenters 

FROM PIOUA 

To Canton 1 wireman 

To Akron 1 machinist 

To Warren 1 cook 

To Warren 1 laborer 

To Barberton 3 laborers 

FRO]M ANCOR 

To Cincinnati 3 firemen 

To Cincinnati 3 carpenters 



1 10 Ohio Bniiicli. Council oj National Defense 

FROM TIFFIN 
To Fremont 1 machinist 

FROM HAMILTON 
To Dayton 2 milling machine hands 

FROM SPRINGFIELD 
To Chillicothe 3 laborers 

FROM EAST LIVERPOOL 
To Warren 1 heater sheet mill 

FROM BARBERTON 
To Martins Ferry 1 craneman 

FROM MASriLOX 
To Canton 1 carpenter 

FROM MARION 
To Chillicothe 3 laborers 

FROM ALLIANCE 
To Canton 1 laborer 

ALL KINDS OF JOBS 

The offices have made consistent progress away from the mere 
handHng of the unemployed unskilled workers toward real labor 
exchanges handling not only skilled and unskilled workers but also 
many clerical, technical and professional workers. Several positions 
paying $2,ooo to $3,000 and one paying $6,500 have been filled 
through the offices. In fact, it has been demonstrated that the 
highly trained worker needs and appreciates assistance as much as 
the unskilled worker. The trained worker ciuite often remains in 
one position' for several years and when it becomes necessary to 
seek new empoyment he finds he knows little of conditions outside 
his own particular circle, and the clearance facilities of the Employ- 
ment Service, which make it possible for his application to be 
circulated throughout the state or for opportunities from over the 
state to be presented to him, are invaluable. 

A partial list of the better placements on December 9 is given 
below, as indicative of the customary work of the offices: 



Clca rail cc D k' is ion 



1 1 1 



MALES 

General — ■ 

1 general foreman (railroad) $15M 

1 fireman 140 

2 firemen 130 

1 postal clerk 1100 

1 clerk 105 

1 clerk r2o 

1 fireman 100 

1 stationary engineer 

1 stationary engineer 

16 brick layers 

4 brick layers 1 

12 carpenters 

6 carpenters 

10 carpenters 

2 carpenters 

9 glaziers 

1 machine designer 

.") tool makers 

2 pattern makers 

2 machinists 

1 machinist 

3 machinists 

4 machinists 

1 lathe hand 

3 lathe hands 

3 lathe hands 

8 lathe hands 

3 milling machine men 

3 fitters 

1 roll turner — steel mill 

1 die sinker 

1 buflfer-polisher 

1 rigger 

1 tinner 

1 riveter 

1 pipe fitter 

1 pipe fitter 

1 painter 

1 car inspector 

2 miners 

2 molders 

1 truck driver 26 

1 truck driver 20 

1 truck driver 3 



00 per mo 
00 per mo 
50 per mo 
00 per mo 
00 per mo 
00 per mo 
00 per mo 
60 per hr 
00 per hr 
85 per hr 
00 per hr 
75 per hr 
70 per hr 
65 per hr 
60 per hr 
65 per hf 
85 per hr 
75 per hr 
60 per hr 
70 per hr 
68 per hr 
60 per hr 
55 per hr 
70 per hr 
60 per hr 
55 per hr 
50 per hr 
50 per hr 
57 per hr 
85 per hr 
65 per hr 
60 per hr 
65 per hr 
65 per hr 
60 per hr 
62* per hr 
50 per hr 
50 per hr 
58i per hr 
scale 

55 per hr 
00 per wk 
no per \vk 
75 per da 



112 OIlio Branch, Council of National Defense 

Disabled Soldiers — 

1 placed (a 40 per hr 

1 placed @ 35 per hr 

1 placed (a 30 per hr 

Farm Help — 

1 foreman 50 00 per mo 

1 man 60 00 per mo 

1 man 57 00 per mo 

2 men 45 00 per mo 

2 men 40 00 per mo 

3 men 35 00 per mo 

1 man 30 00 per mo 

3 men 25 00 per mo 

I man and wife 70 00 per mo 

1 man and wife ". 80 00 per mo 

fi:males 

1 cook 20 00 per wk 

3 stenographers 80 00 per mo 

2 stenographers 70 00 per mo 

1 stenographer 65 00 per mo 

1 stenographer 16 50 per wk 

1 office clerk 8fi 00 per mo 

1 typist 15 00 per wk 

1 clerk ] 7 00 per wk 

2 clerks 12 00 per wk 

1 tailoress 14 00 per wk 

1 seamstress 10 00 per wk 

1 sales lady 10 00 per wk 

1 chambermaid 45 00 per mo 

5 dry battery assemblers 13 00 per wk 

SUMMARY 

Summarizing the work of the Employment Offices for the 
entire period from May i, 1917. to December 31, 1918, we find that 
a total of 564,570 workers were reported as placed; an average of 
1,129 P6^' working day. Of the total number reported placed 
405.867 were men and 158,703 were women. 

During the same period a total of 12,657 farm placements were 
reported. These figures are included in total placements reported. 

Totals for the entire period are as follows : 



Clearance Dirisioji 113 

Males Females Totals Average 

Applications 728 , •■)89 257 , 3o7 98U , 04(J 1 , 96U 

Workers ordered ti 1-J . •■)29 225 . 875 840 . 904 1 . G80 

Applicants referred 490.984 191 ,270 088.260 1 ,377 

Reported Placed 4(»5 , 8(>7 158 . Hr.\ 504 , 570 1 , 129 

( )f the 379,187 men reported placed. 166.342 were laborer and 
day workers, so that it may be said that 212.845 "''^'^ o'' 56.1% 
of the total number of men placed were put in touch with employ- 
ment requiring some special qualifications. A large number were 
placed in positions requiring special training or skill. 

About fifty per cent of the women reported placed were re- 
ferred to positions as day workers but in the case of women day 
workers, many are referred to day work positions who are hired 
permanently for the particular day of each week. In such cases 
the employment office can only take credit for the first day with the 
employer. 

A study of the work of the Employment OfBces during the 
entire period from May i, 191 7, to December 31. 1918. by months, 
icvcals a steady and consistent growth, except for a very normal 
slovvir-g down in December. 1917. January and February. i^iS, and 
November cud December. 1918. The totals for all offices by 
montlis ;ire as follows: 

TOTAL MEN AND WOMEN 

J<^'; Nezi'Reg- Total Help Referred Reported 

istrations Renewals Applications Wanted to Positions Placed 

May 12.811 24 . 944 37 , 755 29 . 340 24 , 504 1 9 , 48 1 

June 10,779 23,948 40,727 28 ',027 25,512 20,427 

July 28 , 852 24 , 563 53 ,415 35 , 908 32 , 779 27 ,423 

Aug 36,302 23,941 (JO, 243 43,307 38,373 33,421 

Sept 23.597 22.199 45,796 36.541 31.662 26,576 

Oct 17.613 26.074 43.687 32,715 30.446 24,862 

Nov 10,358 26,239 42,597 29.002 27.754 22.796 

Dec 15,303 20,302 41. (105 23,327 22,211 18.220 

191S 

Jan 10,052 30,721 46,773 24.000 23.405 19.109 

Feby 13,(i32 27,178 40,810 21.398 20.379 10.900 

March 15,503 28.140 43.649 35.066 30.505 25.219 

April 15,985 27,181 43,160 41.675 34.866 29.129 

May 15 , 507 25 , 129 20 , 096 41 , 446 34 , 166 27 , 971 

June 17,960 22,483 40.443 35,514 29,649 24,248 

8 C, OF N D. 



114 



Ohio Branch. Council of National Dcfoisc 



New Reg- Total Help Referred KeporWJ 

istrations Rciiczvals Applieafions Jl'aiited to Positiuiis Placed 

July 22,795 24.281 47.ii7t; 4n.(l2S ::5,(;17 29,348 

Aug 32,719 22,923 55,042 (JtJ.S78 4i;,7-7 3!l,09;j 

Oct 40.118 23 . 930 70 , 048 83 , 375 'u . ^A 9 4 , 875 

Nov 35,538 24,775 60,313 66.704 48,511 38,476 

Dec 35 , 765 32 , 992 &% . 757 53 .431 40 , 934 37 , 007 

Grand totals 470,734 509.912 980.040 840. 9n4 08S,20ii 504,570 

May 10,042 10,851 27, lie, 2n.(ll(; I(i.751 12,885 

June 13,801 15.155 2!i.oit; 2n,(ill 17,775 13.922 

July 25.963 15.778 41,741 27,512 25.053 21,048 

Aug 33 . 630 14 . 040 48 . 27(i 33 . 555 29 . 893 20 . 302 

Sept 20,779 13,482 34.261 20.999 23,501 19,739 

Oct 14.481 16.511 30.992 23.850 21.994 18,026 

Nov 13 . 502 17 . 290 30 . 792 2 1 . 14(i 2u . 243 10 , 597 

Dec 13,194 19,009 32,203 15.071 15.344 12.531 

1918 

Jan 13.287 21.504 31.S51 15,3!'3 15,433. 12.705 

Feb 11.258 18.714 29.972 13,877 13.503 11,305 

March 13.003 18,559 31.502 23,900 21,125 17.284 

April 13 . 399 17.191 3o . 590 28 . 950 24 ,491 20 , 226 

May 12,882 14,523 27.405 27.190 22.79u 18,027 

June 13 , 870 12 , 009 2( i , 479 23 .112 19. 870 ] , 006 

July 18.673 13.397 32.u70 29.334 25.241 20.710 

Aug 28 . 340 12.713 41. 053 52 . 228 34 . 949 29 .140 

Sept 30.159 11,973 42,132 59,0.52 34,218 27,998 

Oct 40 , 292 12 , 758 53 , 050 04.1 02 44 . 085 36 . 065 

Nov 31.407 14.139 45,546 50,558 36,308 28,581 

Dec 32 , 206 2 1 . 599 ' 53 , 805 38 .407 34 , 354 26 , 680 



Total.'- 



404.828 318.461 723.289 615,529 496.984 405,867 











FEM.ALES 








I9I7 










May . 




2,109 


8.003 10.202 


8 , 73(» 


7 , 750 


6,626 


June . 




'2.918 


8 


793 11.711 


8.(110 


1 , 1 37 


6,505 


July . . 




2.889 


,^ 


785 1 1 , 074 


8 . 390 


7,126 


0.375 


Aug. . 




2,672 


9 


295 11,967 


9.752 


8.480 


7,059 


Sept. . 




2.818 


8 


717 11.535 


9.542 


8.161 


6,837 


Oct. .. 




3.1.32 


n 


563 12.095 


8.859 


8.472 


6,836 


Nov. . 




2.856 


8 


949 11.805 


7.8.56 


7,511 


6,199 


Dec. . 




2.109 


7 


293 9.402 


7 , 1 150 


0,867 


5,695 



'stratioiis Re 


nic7cals Applications Wanted to Positions 


Placed 


2 . 765 


9,157 


11.922 


8.613 


7,972 


6,404 


2.374 


8,464 


10.838 


7,521 


6,816 


5,595 


2 . olMt 


9.587 


12,087' 


11,106 


9,380 


7,935 


2.586 


9,990 


12,576 


12,725 


10,375 


8,903 


2,685 


10,606 


13,291 


14,256 


11,376 


9,944 


4,090 


9,874 


13,964 


10.402 


9,779 


8,182 


4.122 


10.884 


15,006 


11,294 


10,406 


8,638 


4.37!) 


10.210 


14.589 


14,650 


11,778 


9,959 


5.326 


9,990 


15,316 


15,558 


12,143 


9,979 


5.826 


11,172 


16.998 


19,273 


13,764 


10.810 


4.131 


10.636 


14,767 


16,146 


12,203 


9,895 


3.559 


11,393 


14,952 


15,024 


12,580 


10,327 



Clearance Division 115 

igiS .VtTc' Rcth Total Help Referred Reported 

Jan 

Feb 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

Total 65.906 191,451 257,357 225.375 191.276 158, 7U3 

During the war period the greatest service rendered by the 
Employme.it Service was that of affording protection to necessary 
war industries. Under the authority possible only in a federal 
organization, eastern war firms were time and time again prevented 
from 'pirating" in Ohio labor markets at a time when Ohio war 
industries v.ere themselves in sore straits for men. Every day for 
a long pe^iofl brought dozens of urgent requests and demands for 
hundreds and even thousands of workers from Ohio. It was pos- 
sible to deny these requests through an organization ready at all 
times to show the needs of Ohio employers and the importance of 
Ohio activities. This policy eft'ectively put a stop to the attempts 
of unscrup'.jlous labor agents. 

A public employment service is a business and must be gov- 
erned by business principles. The cost of placement must be one 
guage of efficiency but until it is possible to obtain accurate figures 
on the cost of placement of laborers as a group, skilled help as a 
group and technical help as a group, comparison of placement costs 
is impossible. During war times employers found it necessary to 
spend surprising amounts to secure help and the Employment 
Service also found it necessary to use new methods in meeting the 
unusual situations with which it has been confronted. 

The following figures indicate the cost of placements in Ohio 
during the year 1918. 

Contributed during 1918 by: 



Il6 ()lii() Branch. CouucU of Xatioiial Pcfcnsc 

Federal (iovernment $107. oTS (J'J. 

Ohio Branch Council of Xational Defense 7-_'.")!»2 81 

Industrial Commission of Ohio iti.o-il) SI 

Cities, Counties and Private Funds ■-M.SIHl dO 

( Xo charge (.'--timated for space in puljlic 1)uildings) 

Total $2:-;0,881 W 

Total number reported placed in HMS 'M\ .'A'>'.) 

Average cost per placement $0 ti2 

Tlie amount contributed b}- tlie federal government includes the 
total amount spent for furniture, alterations, signs etc., in oj)ening 
the fifteen or twenty new offices that were opened during the latter 
part of the year. The amount contributed by cities and counties 
does not include any estimate for the rental \alue of space occupied 
by emplovment offices in public Ijuildings. .\dding an estimate for 
the rental value of such space figured on commercial renting values, 
the figures would be as follows : 

Total cash outlay $-J:'.(i.S81 !»(( 

Estimated and rental value of space occupied in pul)lic 
bldgs $i'4.t;i:. (Ht 

Total $2:):..4!i(; W 

Total number reported placed in liUS :')71 .■>'>'■* 

Average cost per placement !t=" <)!' 

These figures do not. of course, include anv overhead charges 
for the expense of the Administrative Offices of the United States 
Employment Service at Washington for the period since July, 
during which the federal government has contributed. 

The first placements made Ijy newely opened offices are costly 
as it is necessary to educate a community to a realization of the 
jnirpose and possibilities of the Employment Service. It is also 
true that the i)lacement of higher type applicants costs very much 
above the general average ; in fact a reliable private technical place- 
ment agency states that the cost of placing a technical engineer has 
never been reduced to less than twenty-five dollars per placement. 

During the period of development the Employment Service has 
borne the burden of increased costs due to the opening of new 
offices and has also made progress in effecting higher grade place- 
ments. It may be expected that even with further progress along 
the line of high grade placements, the average placement cost will 
dcrease with the increased efl^ectivenss of th service. 

If, however, the Employment Service is able to shorten the 



Clearance Dh'isioii ■ 117 

period of unemployment between jobs by a few days, a day or 
even a part of a day, and if the employer can be saved loss of pro- 
duction by better distribution of available workers, and if the 
general welfare of the communitcy can be served by bringing 
workers into touch wjth the work for which they are best fitted, 
then certainly the cost per placement becomes an insignificant factor 
compared to the economic saving to the country at large and to the 
workers and employers. 

Figures representing the work of the offices in handling farm 
placements during the entire period from May i, 191 7, to December 
31, 1918, are included in the summarized figures just presented, 
but the total farm placement figures by months are sufficiently in- 
teresting to deserve separate consideration. In the following table it 
willl be seen, of course, that the greatest number of farm place- 
ments was reached in harvest time when many temporary hands are 
sent out, bvit it will also be observed that many month bauds were 
sent out in the late and early months of the year : 

FARM AND DAIRY WORKERS 
19T/' A't'w Reg- Total Help ' Referred Reported 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

19 18 

Jan 

Feb 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

Totals ... 17.86!) 10,408 27.8(i7 20.;?-.'n 18.f)23 12, 657 



' St rations I 


^ctieiK'als Ap 


'plieations I 


Vanted to i 


Positions 


Plaeed 


1.622 


825 


2.447 


2,635 


1.2.^1 


599 


1,178 


838 


2.016 


1.038 


1.214 


714 


1,508 


878 


2,386 


1.403 


1,672 


1.127 


718 


649 


1,367 


963 


860 


833 


7.S.S 


462 


1.195 


1.086 


992 


708 


885 


501 


1 , 386 


1.28(i 


1.253 


963 


662 


415 


1.077 


1.034 


1.016 


730 


368 


370 


738 


404 


408 


263 


452 


371 


823 


296 


315 


199 


736 


449 


1 . 185 


568 


575 


291 


1.710 


864 


2,574 


1,526 


1,530 


906 


1.124 


563 


1,687 


1,080 


1,181 


738 


795 


385 


1.180 


798 


847 


529 


1.305 


616 


1,921 


1.588 


1.499 


1,091 


825 


477 


1,302 


915 


944 


679 


524 


317 


841 


696 


640 


445 


800 


337 


1 . 137 


1,123 


903 


642 


593 


368 


961 


815 


782 


552 


357 


300 


657 


502 


456 


329 


474 


513 


987 


564 


555 


319 



PART IV 

FOOD SUPPT.Y AND CONSERVATION. 

So closely interrelated ar the State Council of Defense, the 
Ohio State University and its Extension Department, and the Food 
Administraticjn in Ohio, and so harmonious their activities, that this 
report on ( Jhio's distinctive contribution to the campaign for food 
supply and conservation can make little distinction, and can only 
attempt description in a general way of what has been accomplished 
during the life of the State Council. 

It will suffice to say that the creation and -initial operations of 
the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in the spring and 
summer of k)!/, gave tremendous impetus to all the agencies of the 
state which were cooperating in food activities, and that all these 
agencies joined hands wholeheartedly under auspices of the State 
Council, in a tremendous drive for more war food. 

Illuminating, also, in this connection is the fact that Fred C. 
Croxton, acting director of the activities of the State Council from 
its creation to its disbandment, was Federal Food Administrator 
for Ohio during the war period, and Clark S. Wheeler, Director 
of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State University, was the Coun- 
cil's first Executive Secretary and organizer of its agricultural 
activities. 

PRODUCTION AND ACREAGE 

Confronting a world food shortage in the spring of 191 7 and 
the importance of a food supply sufficient to permit large exporta- 
tion in addition to home needs, ste|)s were taken which would tend 
to increase the supply of food for 191 7 and succeeding seasons. 
Acreage of spring crops in 1917 required immediate' attention ; 
farmers were advised as to the need for food ; newspapers of the 
state were mobilized to assist ; posters were displayed. 

Provision was made for the securing of needed farm help. 

Transportation of seed stocks and farm materials was speeded 
up through the Ohio Public Utilities Commission. 



Production and Acreage 119 

County Commissioners in each county were requested by the 
Governor to nominate a War Food and Crop Commissioner, who 
was in turn to nominate township Commissioners to cooperate in 
an intensive campaign to the farmers for the careful planting of 
increased acreage. 

Such Food and Crop Commissioners rendered valuable service 
in 1917, without salary and without expenses. 

Colleges and universities throughout the state, more than 30 
in number, were urged to release students for farm labor. It is 
estimated that 3,500 college students were so released between the 
dates of April 20 and May 5, 1917. At least a similar number of 
Ohio school boys were released for farm work, as a result of the 
same campaign. It may be said that these 7,000 boys Avere released 
on an average of 40 days prior to the end of the school year. That 
is to say through this action of the Council of Defense and corre- 
lated agencies, at least 280,000 days of labor were secured for the 
farmers of Ohio in excess of the normal supply. 

The War Emergency Food Movement in the spring of 1917 
found 22 counties in the state supplied with County Agricultural 
Agents working under direction of the College of Agriculture. 

So that all counties in the state might have services of trained 
workers, 30 special agents were furnished temporarily, and assigned 
to districts consisting of one to three counties in such manner as 
to cover the state. 

Work of the County Agents, Special Agents, and the War 
Food and Crop Commissioners was adjusted to meet most urgent 
needs along the following lines : 

(i) Getting labor for immediate use. 

(2) Making arrangements for harvest labor. 

(3) Giving information regarding seed. 
(4) Assisting in expediting car-load shipments of 
agricultural supplies. 

Public meetings to arouse the farmers were held. In the period 
between April 26 and June i, 191 7, just prior to formal establish- 
ment of the Council of National Defense, 124 patriotic agricultural 
meetings were furnished with speakers, reaching at least 16,645 
people. 



I20 Ohio Branch. Coinicl! of National Defense 

CITY GARDENING 

Vacant lot and back yard garden work in 191 7 was assisted 
by garden specialists from the College of Agriculture and experts 
from the State Board of Agriculture. 

Upon re(|uest, 76 cities and towns were visited, evening meet- 
ings were addressed, and, in addition, the specialists in many places 
talked to schools, chambers of commerce, factory workmen, city 
improvement associations, and other gatherings. 

The cooj)eration of Rotary Clubs in furnishing garden seeed 
and implements, of Boy Scouts, of state departments and other 
agencies contributed materially to the campaign. 

The spring and summer of 191S. of course, saw the develop- 
ment of the United States School (iarden .•\rmy, which gave addi- 
tional impetus to the whole movement, but which was conducted 
separately from the ( )hio Branch, Coimcil of National Defense. 

PUBLICATIONS 

The agricultural Division of the Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense, in the spring and summer of 1917, issued more 
than 2,000,000 pieces of printed matter, including 300,000 question- 
naires dealing with farm labor, and mailed to every farmer in the 
state residing on free delivery mail routes. 750,000 posters and 
leaflets were printed and distributed giving information concerning 
back yard gardening and the conser\ation of food in the homes. 

RESULTS OF THE DRIVE 

Ustimates compiled by the State Board of Agriculture show a 
corn crop in Ohio in 1917 of 122,204,661 bushels as compared with 
96,352,296 in 19 16. The potato cro|) for the state in 1917 is esti- 
mated at 11,802,020 bushels as against 5,460.008. 

It is significant that the main drive in 1917 for ])roduction was 
directed toward an increase in these two staples, corn and potatoes. 

To increased planting of spring wheat, as a result of the cam- 
paign, is attrilnUed some credit for the 1917 crop of 43,310,387 
bushels as comj)ared with that of 20,986,793 bushels in 1916. Rye, 
in 1917, showed a total yield of 2.058,891 as compared with 688,841 
in 1916; oats, 69,354,811 bushels in 1917 as compared with 42,649.- 
165 the year before; barley, 1,696,241 bushels in 1917 as compared 
with 710,5 19 in 1 916. 



Conservation I2I 

It is significant to note that the acreage producing the 191 7 
wheat crop, including the spring planting, was 1,788,026 as com- 
pared with 1,623,326 in 1916; corn 3.387,459 acres as compared 
with 3,154, 480; rye, 101,372 acres as compared with 68,699; oats, 
1,538,834 acres as compared with 801.639; barley 50,447 acres as 
compared with 27,683. 

CONSERVATION 

Under direction of the Federal Food Administrator for Ohio, 
who is also Vice Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense, committees were organized for every county to carry out 
plans of the Food Administration and the Defense Council on con- 
servation. 

The Department of Home Economics, Ohio State University, 
and the Department of Agricultural Extension, Ohio State Uni- 
versity, functioning with the Defense Council, organized extensively, 
during the summer of 1917, canning clubs and demonstrations 
under supervision of the regular forces of both departments and ten 
expert instructors. 

More than 400 canning demonstrations were given, 250 bread 
making demonstrations and 363 conservation talks. 

Food exhibits were staged at the State Fair and the National 
Dairy Show at Columbus, the Cleveland Food Show, and during 
Farmers' Week, Ohio State University. 

An instruction institute was held for Home Economics students 
during the last week in May, 1917. 

Special instruction to farm women was given in various insti- 
tutes over the state and during Farmers' Week at Ohio State Uni- 
versity, and all institutions and large cities were visited for the 
purpose of giving home economics demonstrations and conservation 
instruction. 

City and County Home Demonstration Agents met in Colum 
bus for special instruction February 2 to 5, 1918. 

During 1917 and first two months of 1918, the governmen 
and the state cooperating, installed seven women Home Demonstra- 
tion Agents in cities and ten in counties in the state. 

Volunteer workers with home economics training were listed 
for service to the number of 400. Special programs of summer 
work in 1917 were carried out in the following cities, as well as 



122 Ohio Branch, Cotiiicil of Nafional Defense 

in niaiiv smaller communities: Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus, 
Cleveland, Akron, Youngstown and Lancaster. 

Under general supervision of Miss Edna N. White, head of 
the Department of Home Economics, Ohio State University, 14 
leaflets and 2 bulletins, dealing with food conservation, were pub- 
lished and distributed throughout the state. 

A booklet on canning and preserving and a War Cook Book, 
running into an issue of more than 90,000 each, were published by 
the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. Bulletins and leaf- 
lets on meat substitutes, Victory breads, and outlines for food con- 
servation teaching were published by the Agricultural Extension 
Department, Ohio State University. 

The Department of Home Economics at Ohio State University, 
in close touch with the Defense Council, has done research work as 
follows : 

(i) Survey of bakers' bread, to discover progress 
made in wheat conservation. 

(2) Methods to prepare soy beans and soy bean pro- 

ducts. 

(3) Study of soap conservation. 

(4) Use of wheat substitutes in bread. 

(5) Experiments in sugar substitutes. 

(6) Listing war-time publications issued by Depart- 

ments of Home Economics throughout the 
countr}-. 

FOLLOW-UP IX 1018 

The whirlwind campaign in the summer of 191 7, together 
with renewed inspiration from the LInited States Department of 
Agriculture and the U^nited States Food Administration, and their 
state agencies, netted even finer results in 1918. Crop statistics are 
not yet available, Init, in the opinion of agricultural authorities, the 
yields will break all records for the .state. In 191S, for example, 
6.000 girls were registered in the Girls Club Division of the Depart- 
ment of Agricultural Extension ; 900 trained home economics 
women volunteered their services and rendered splendid assistance 
to their own commmiities ; and food exhibits were staged in 56 
counties. 



Home Dciiioiisfrafion Acjcuts 123 

LOCAL MEETINGS AND DEMONSTRATIONS 
During June, 1918, 395 demonstrations and talks were given 
over the state by trained home economics workers; (hiring July. 
424 ; during August, 67. 

CONSERVATION LESSONS 

In order to utilize an agency that has been relatively little used 
for conservation teaching, a series of lessons has been prepared 
for pupils in the seventh and eighth grades of public, jjarochial 
and private schools. A mailing list of approximately 14,000 names 
has been prepared, including seventh and eighth grade teachers in 
rural, village, town and city schools. In this series, and sharing its 
cost, the following agencies have cooperated : Ohio Branch, Coun- 
cil of National Defense, United States Food Administration in 
Ohio, United States Fuel Administration in Ohio, Agricultural 
Extension Service, Ohio State University. 

WORK OF HOME DEMO\TSTRATION AGENTS 

The work of the Home Demonstration Agents of the United 
States Department of Agriculture was closely related at all times 
with the policies and program of the Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense. 

The food conservation work in the ten counties where rural 
Home Demonstration Agents were located and in the eight cities 
where there were urban agents was largely carried on under their 
direction. The first agent was installed the last of October, 1917, 
and some were not installed until the summer of 1918, but they held 
hundreds of demonstrations before study clubs and public demon- 
strations, in addition to their individual work. 

Reports of urban agents show totals of 1,115 demonstrations, 
771 individual talks, 219 public meetings — total attendance approxi- 
mately 332,072 in the cities of Akron, Chillicothe, Cincinnati, Cleve- 
land, Dayton, Toledo, Youngstown, Columbus and Canton. 

The reports of the rural agents show totals of 526 demonstra- 
• tions and 191 talks before organizations, and 53 demonstrations and 
25 talks to general public — total attendance approximately 41,129. 



124 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

E.AIERGEXCY AID JX INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC 

Shortly after outbreak of the influenza epidemic which swept 
the country, the federal government asked that the State Council 
mobilize whatever resources possible in combatting the plague. 

In addition to cooperation given health authorities throughout 
the state, the home economic workers proved invaluable. (_)n 
October i8th. the Home Economics Department of Ohio State Uni- 
versity was notified that, due to the outbreak of influenza, there 
was a considerable number of Student Army Training Cor])s stu ■ 
dents needing food supplies. Investigation showed that the new 
hospital not yet opened was intended for 20 patients with a])proxi- 
mately 107 patients needing attention. Equipment was moved over 
from the Department, and, with the aid of trained volunteers from 
the Department, the food situation w-as cared for adequately. 

The Home Demonstration Agents were in conference at the 
time, and several assisted during the first few days. On their return 
to their own communities they were called upon to help in the local 
situation. 

Since food is such an important factor in the treatment of 
influenza, this service was of great benefit to the community and it 
is a matter of congratulation that the agents were recognized in 
their res|)ective localities as the persons best able to render such 
help. 

Because all meetings were called ofif, the agents had time to 
devote to the relief of stricken neighborhoods, in particular choosing 
those where entire families were unable to prepare food for them- 
selves. The Home Demonstration Agents, in cooperation with the 
Red Cross, the Woman's Committee of the Council of National 
Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, or the 
Women's Clubs, opened centers for the preparation and distribu- 
tion of cooked food. 

In such places as armories, schools, settlements or canteens, 
soups, custards, gruels, puddings, cereals, jellies and apple sauce 
were prepared by Home Economics Teachers, whose time was free 
because the schools were closed. Doctors, mail carriers. Catholic 
sisters, priests, merchants and district nurses, together with women 
who volunteered to drive their own cars, joined in a common 
neighborhood service, recognizing the Home Demonstration Agent 
as their director. 



Tractors 125 

From stations in one city food was sent out in auto trucks 
titted out with tireless cookers, containing a Ijroth, or hot soft diet 
dish and a dessert. Each truck carried milk and fruit juices, and 
a trained worker, besides the driver. When the oganization of 
this service was completed, the finer touches were added, such as 
flowers, and cookies for the children. 

In another city 1,135 families, representing 4.850 individuals, 
were served by six stations in two weeks. There, as in most other 
places, the work was financed by the Red Cross, though other 
agencies were more than ready to help. 

The service was oiTered everywhere as a bit of neighborly 
helpfulness, not charity, and was everywhere so accepted and ap- 
preciated. The case of one family was typical. The wife and 
three children were ill. When volunteers reached the home, the 
father, who was a foreigner, wept, saying, "I\Iy wife's sister came 
several days ago and looked into the house. She say. 'AH sick. I'm 
afraid, and went away. But you. a stranger, stay and help us." 

Food offered in such friendliness was not only a life saver, 
but a means of establishing faith in this America of ours in many 
homes never reached by Home Demonstration Agents before. 

TRACTORS 

In the fall of m;!/. a survey was made to determine the number 
of tractors in use in the state. This survey was conducted through 
the County Food and Crop Commissioners and County Agricultural 
Agents. The survey showed there were approximately 2,000 trac- 
tors in use in this state. 

Early in January, 1918, a conference of tractor men and others 
interested was called by the Governor to consider the best means 
of increasing the number of these tractors in Ohio. 

Tractor manufacturers and tractor salesmen said their chief 
difficulty in the past had been to get the country banks to loan 
farmers monev to buy tractors. 

FMiilip Berg. State Superintendent of Banks, was called in and 
instructed to call upon all banking institutions to cooperate in the 
movement to see that the farmers wanting to buy tractors were 
financed. The State Industrial Commission was about to invest 
$1,000,000 of state funds in miscellaneous bonds. By direction of 
the Go\ernor. these funds were deposited in the country banks, 
under the Depository Law. instead, and arrangements made for the 



126 Ohio Bnuicli, Council of Xatioiial Defense 

creation of an atkiilional fund of $2,000,000, if it should become 
necessary, to guarantee full financial aid to the farmers. 

Banks were requested to loan this money to farmers at reason- 
able rates, not exceeding six per cent, and bankers gave this move- 
ment loyal and patriotic support. One country bank financed the 
purchase of 36 tractors in its community. 

Tractor manufacturers a})pointed a Production Committee to 
cooperate with the state in the movement. It was agreed that the 
goal would be to place 1,500 additional tractors in Ohio the spring 
of 1918. 

There was some dif^culty in the matter of transportation — ■ 
getting these tractors from the factories to the farmers. The 
matter of transportation was taken u]i with our State Public Utili- 
ties Commission and an appeal made direct to \\\ G. 3*IcAdoo, 
Director General of Railroads, with the result that cars were fur- 
nished and this transportation difficulty overcome. 

Early in February, a Tractor School was conducted for one 
week at the State Capitol in Columl)us attended by about 2,000 
farmers. Tractor manufacturers from all over the country sent 
their machines here for demonstration at this school. Thirty differ- 
ent concerns had machines at the schodl. A number of them were 
shipped by express in order that they might reach here without 
delay. The Tractor School was a big success It was followed up 
bv smaller schools in the counties, conducted by the tractor manu- 
facturers. 

Henry Ford, Detroit manufacturer, joined r)hio's farm tractor 
drive, held in April, by allotting i.ooo tractors to his agents to be 
sold in C)hio. 

.\11 of these activities were given widest publicity, with the 
result that the interest of Ohio farmers was actively aroused to the 
necessitv of increased crop production, and a wonderful impetus 
was given to the greater use of farm tractors as a factor in in- 
creased outi)ut. 

Survexs just c()m])leted by the State De])artment of Agriculture 
show that the whole tractor drive for increased war food produc- 
tion has netted an addition of at least 2,000 tractors on farms of 
this state. 

Tractor manufacturers followed up the initial selling campaign 
with efforts to train farmer owners to get maximum efficieucv out 



Seed Corn 127 

of their machines. To accompHsh this, many companies established 
local Tractor Schools in some parts of the state, and practically all 
of them took steps to insure the prompt furnishing of tractor parts 
through agents in their districts where tractors had been sold. 

SEED CORN 

Following investigations made by the College of Agriculture 
early in January, 1918, it became apparent that Ohio was facing a 
grave seed corn situation on account of the large amount of soft 
corn from the former year's crop and the severe cold weather in 
December, 1917, which ruined much of the corn for planting. 
Permanent tests made by the College of Agriculture showed that on 
an average thirty-two per cent of the former year's corn was not fit 
to plant. This was the lowest germination test in the history of 
the state. 

To arouse the farmers of the state to the seriousness of the 
situation, the Governor, as Chairman of the Defense Council, the 
Federal Food Administrator for Ohio, and Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction sent out a call to all County School Superintendents 
to come to Columbus for a conference, for the purpose of enlisting 
every child in the rural schools of the state in a state-wide seed 
corn census. The College of Agriculture established the machinery 
for conducting this census, the purpose of which was to locate all 
of the old 1916 corn in each county and to prevent the planting of 
any of the 1917 corn unless it had been ear tested. This census 
was completed ; the cards distributed and collected by the school 
children were turned over to the County Farm Bureaus in each 
county, and were then placed in the hands of township captains 
who arranged for the testing of the corn and assisted farmers who 
had not found good seed corn to get it. Testing stations were 
established in various parts of the state, and every county had a 
special seed corn man or a county agent who looked after the work 
in his county. This movement resulted in 50 to 100 tests of corn 
in each count}-. 

The survey of 1916 corn resulted in discovery of one-quarter 
to one-third of enough corn in the counties to seed the normal 
acreage. 

In addition to these endeavors, Clark S. Wheeler, Director of 
Agricultural Extension at Ohio State University, and former Exec- 



I2ii Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

utive Secretary of the Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense, 
announced, March 22. 1918, that his dej^artment. assisted hy federal 
funds, had ])urchase(l for delivery and Ohio ]jlanting more than 
50.000 hushels of good corn, suitable for seeding purposes. 

Wide publicity was given to the seed corn situation in all of 
the newspapers (jf the state. jKirticularly the "'Farm Press." 

The Food Administration took steps to prevent profiteering in 
seed corn. In one instance, the Food Administrator, who was 
Acting Chairman of the State Council, compelled two s])jcul:itors. 
who had bought more than 500 bushels of old corn at $J.oo a 
bushel and were selling it as high as $6.50 a bushel, to resell all 
the corn at not to exceed $2.50 a bushel, and to refund to all those 
who had already ])aid for the corn, the difference. While ihe l^^ood 
.\dministration was not empowered to hx };rices which ])roducers 
could obtain for their corn, it was able to prevent speculation and 
profiteering. 

On March 4, 1918, the Federal Food Administrator for ( )hio. 
who is Vice Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense, issued a seed corn bulletin to producers and dealers, urg- 
ing careful ear testing of 1917 corn, and advising as to fair prices 
which farmers and dealers should charge and pay for seed corn. 

Ten dollars per bushel was suggested as a maximuiu. except 
for i)edigreed stock; and a margin of not to exceed one dollar a 
bushel, exclusive of the cost of transportation, testing and bags, was 
designated as a fair margin for dealers in seed corn. Intermediate 
|)rices for I9i6and 1917 corn, dejjendent on germination tests, were 
suggested. 

klVE STOCK PRODUCTION 

The Committee on Food Supjily and Conservation. ( )hio 
l!ranch. Council of National Defense, meeting in Columbus Novem- 
ber 9, 191 7, went on record as urging the increased feeding of live 
stock, both on a large and small scale throughout the state, as a 
means of meeting a primary war necessity. 

The committee, on suggestion of the T'ederal Food Adminis- 
trator for Ohio, directed that a letter be sent to County Sheriffs, 
Countv Commissioners and Justices of the Peace throughout the 
state, urging rigid enforcement of the Pratt Law, passed l)y the 
Legislature in the season of 1916-17 and providing for the registra- 
tion of dogs. 



Lk'C-stock Production l2y 

Such enforcement, it was j^ointed out, would go a long way 
toward ]>reventing the ravages of sheep killing dogs, which, in 
1916, killed 13,898 shee]) in Ohio and injured 8,o58, with a total 
property losss of approximately $66,000. 

Statistics are not available to show whether the actual money 
and economic loss from sheep killing dogs was decreased as antici- 
pated, but the response from county authorities in charge of the 
Pratt Law was vigorous and prompt, and reports received here 
from many of the coimties show conclusively that the action taken 
has resulted in checking a]:)preciably the ravages of these animals. 

CO-OPEU.\TI().\" WITH TH-E I-OOD .\DM IXISTRATIOX 

The Committee on Food Supply and Conservation, Ohio 
Branch. Council of National Defense, went on record officially as 
endorsing and urging the observance in Ohio of food-saving regu- 
lations issued by the United States Food Administration at Wash- 
ington and by the Federal Food Administrator for Ohio. 

.MARKETIXG OF SURPLUS COMMODITIES 

Though letters sent to County Agricultural Agents and to War 
Food and Crop Commissioners during the summer of 1917, sur])]us 
cabbage, sweet corn and other vegetables were located in various 
districts in the state, and assistance given producers in marketing 
through commercial channels, notably canners, these surpluses 
which threatened to resitlt in waste. 

The same ])rocedure was followed in 19 18, but under direct 
auspices of the United States Food x\dministration in Ohio. 



9 C. OF w. D 



PART V 



ADDITIUXAL, GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS 

ACTIVrriES 



AMERICAXIZATIOX 

Raymond Moley Director of Americanization 

Miss Tuliette Sessions Assistant to Director of Americanization 



COMMITTEE OX SCHOOLS 

Dr. R. J. Condijn Denton Building, Cincinnati 

Dr. D. F. Garland Department of Public Welfare, Dayton 

Rev. Francis W. Howard ; 1651 East Main Street, Columbus 

Raymond Moley State House , Columbus 

Georae W. Steven- Director, Art Museum, Toledo 



COMMITTEE OX HOME AXD COMMUXITY 

H. T. Clark. ... -Squire , Sanders & Dempsey. Leader-News Bldg., Cleveland 

Allen T. Burns Cleveland Foundation , Cleveland 

F. P. Goodwin Denton Building, Cincinnati 

Rev. Francis W. Howard l6ol East Main Street, Columbus 

Miss Elinor E. Ledbetter 226 City Hall, Cleveland 

Gustave Ohlinger Toledo Commerce Club, Toledo 

George W. Stevens Director. Art Museum, Toledo 



COM.MITTEE OX IXDUSTRL\L PLAXTS 

H. T. Waller B. F. Goodricb Company, Akron 

George W. Savage Ruggery Building, Columbus 

George M. \'erity American Rolling Mills Company, Middletown 

The census in 1910 showed that out of Ohio's population of 
4.767,121 more than 598,000 persons were foreign born", and at least 
1.024,393 were of foreign or mi.xed parentage. 

In other words, in 1910 about one-third the people in Ohio were 
either immigrants or one generation removed ; that somewhere near 

(130) 



Americanization 131 

one-third of the population first learned to speak in some language 
other than English. 

On April 3, 1918, in a conference at Washington, addressed 
by Honorable William K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, was is- 
sued the appeal to the states to enlist their war machinery in an 
active campaign for Americanization. 

Fred C. Croxton, Vice Chairman, Ohio Branch, Council of Na- 
tional Defense, was Ohio's official representative at the conference. 

Succeeding conferences in Ohio, by Mr. Croxton with the Gov- 
ernor and with groups of Ohio workers skilled in the Americani- 
zation field, resulted in appointment, on July 15, 191S, of Professor 
Raymond Moley, of the Department of Public Science at Western 
Reserve University, Cleveland, as Director of Americanization for 
the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense. To assist Mr. 
Moley, Miss Juliette Sessions was appointed Assistant Director of 
Americanization, September first. 

Questionnaires as to the numbers and nationalities of foreign 
born residents and as to Americanization work already under way 
were sent superintendents of schools and secretaries of Chambers 
of Commerce in over thirty cities which, in the census of 1910. 
showed large percentages of foreign born in their populations. 

Questionnaires were also sent to factories and industrial plants 
which had large population of unnaturalized and non-English 
speaking employes. 

The questionnaires showed that very little attention had been 
pai'd to foreign born residents except in a few large cities, notably 
Cleveland, Cincinnati and Akron, and in some of the largest in- 
dustries. They also showed that the most acute Americanization 
problem lay in the industrial cities along the lake and the Ohio river, 
and especially in the northeastern part of the state. 

, On the basis of information collected, followed by personal 
visits and correspondence, the following Americanization .program 
was laid down by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense: 

( I ) To encourage public school authorities to pro- 
vide facilities for teaching of English and 
citizenship to the foreign-born, to standardize 
instruction in these subjects by the study of 
methods, the publication of the results of these 
studies, and to provide some means for the 



13- (Hiio Hraiich. Coiiiuil of Nalioiial Pcfciisc 

trainins^' of teachtr> in this \-erv >|)ecialize(l 
form of work. 

(2) To bring liome to tniploycrs of foreign labor the 

need of Americanization and the opportunity 
and res[)onsibiHty of industry in this work, and 
to secure cooperation between industry and 
educational authorities. 

(3) To carry on a campaign to encourage aliens to 

apply for citizenship papers, to standardize the 
requirements for naturalization, and to en- 
courage local communities to dignify the act of 
naturalization by public ceremonies. 

(4) To enlist as many agencies as i)Ossible in the 

work of reaching the foreign woman and the 
home, in order to raise the standard of living, ' 
improve housing conditions and child welfare. 

Cooperating. ad\ising and supporting the whole [jrogram have 
been the members of the three sub-committees on Americanization, 
(Jhio Branch, ('oimcil of National Defense, whose names are listed 
abo\e. It wa> these men and women, pioneers, and already skilled 
in the field, who ha\e enabled the COuncil to make much of the 
progress made, and on whom nnist rest largely the resj)onsibility 
for future necessar\- Americanization work in the state. 

Meanwhile, the Americanization Section of the State Council 
has issued five bulletins, with more in preparation. 

The bulletins already [jublished are : 

( I ) 'A\'hat is Americanization ?"' which defines the 
movement as "the interpretation of America to 
the foreign-born and the interpretation of the 
foreign-I)orn to America — an attempt to unify 
all the people of this Nation through mutual 
understanding and trust, and to make America 
a vast fellowship of free men." 

(2) 'TVactical Americanization program for ( )hio 
cities." This bulletin makes practical sugges- 
tions for adequate schools to teach English and 
citizenship to the adult foreigner, the establish- 
ment of information centers for foreigners, the 



Americanization 133 

necessity for naturalization and citizenship, the 
field of Americanization workers in the homes 
of foreigners, and with foreign women; and it 
places squarely upon educational authorities the 
responsibility for launching local Americaniza- 
tion activities . 

(3) "Americanization in Industry," prepared by H. 

T. Waller. Educational Director. B. F. Good- 
. rich Company. Akron. Ohio, which describes 
the spirit and the methods that prevail in the 
Americanization classes conducted at Akron 
under Mr. Waller's direction, and which makes 
practical appeal to employers and manufac- 
turers to begin Americanization work in their 
plants and to assimilate their foreign-born em- 
ployes into the ranks of intelligent, efficient 
and thoroughly American wage earners. 

(4) "Americanization through the Public Library," 

by Professor Sarah T. Barrows, Ohio State 
University, Columbus, Ohio, a pamphlet of 
technical instruction to teachers of English to 
foreigners, designed to overcome some of the 
difficulties of spelling and pronunciation which 
harass those of foreign nationalities in their 
attempt to vuiderstand, write and speak the 
English language. 

(5) "English Speech for Foreign Tongues," written 

written by IVIrs.^ Eleanor Ledbetter of the 
Cleveland Public Library, based on actual 
Americanization work done by her in a branch 
library in one of Cleveland's most foreign dis- 
tricts and describing methods whereby libraries 
may become practical Americanization centers, 
helpful and inspiring to the foreign born and 
to civic benefit. 

Meanwhile, about twenty-five cities in the state have organized 
Americanization Committees which are actively at work ; with 
others which ha\e evidenced interest, and which are planning 
modest though practical and continuous campaigns. 



134 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

An institute for teachers, held at Akron during the tirst week 
of Octoher, 1918, gave the whole Americanization movement in 
Ohio tremendous impetus. Among Ohio speakers at this confer- 
ence were : 

Professor Raymond Moley, 

Director of Americanization, Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense. 

Miss Helen Bacon, 

Secretary of the Cleveland Committee on 
Americanization, 

Miss Shirley Leonard, 

Director of Y. W. C. A. work among foreign- 
horn women in Akron, 

Mrs. C. J. Parker, 

Chairman of the Canton .Americanization Com- 
mittee. 

Besides correspondence and communication with cities in the 
effort to inspire practical Americanization work, the State Defense 
Council has sent letters, through the Director of Americanization, 
to the eighty-eight County School Superintendents, accompanied by 
a strong appeal from B. F. Pearson, State Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction, asking definite questions as to the foreign population 
in rural Ohio. In this connection, the formation of rural com- 
munity Americanization Committees is contemplated. 

On request of the federal government that the State Council 
explain the significance of Thanksgiving Day to foreign-born resi- 
dents, and to arouse their interest in that holiday, a short article ' 
was prepared, explaining origin of the day and showing that it is 
as much the holiday of the foreign-born in America as of the 
native-born. This article was sent to all foreign language news- 
]>apers in the state and a letter went also to every local American- 
ization Committee Chairman, suggesting that special efl:'ort be made 
in the communities to interest foreigners in Thanksgiving Day, and 
that Clergymen of churches which foreigners attend, be asked to 
explain the significance of the day. 

luly 4, 1918, was also made the occasion for a special interpre- 
tation of American ideals to the foreign-born in cities and towns 
throughout the state. 



Auicricaui.zatioii 135 

This action was taken in answer to the direct request of the 
President that July 4, 1918, be made an international holiday. 

Governor James M. Cox, as Chairman of the Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense, sent the following letter to Mayors of 
cities and towns throughout Ohio : 

"In line with expressed wishes of Americans of 
foreign birth, whose petition to President Wilson, and 
his reply, are enclosed, you are doubtless by this time 
at work perfecting arrangements for making the 
Fourth of July celebration in your city especially sig- 
nificant for those groups in your community which 
have sprung recently from foreign lands. 

"We are advised by the federal government that 
this matter has already been broached to you by the 
Committee on Public Information. 

"The Council of National Defense, through both 
its federal and state branches, is backing this idea to 
the utmost. 

"The Committee on Americanization, Ohio 
Branch. Council of National Defense, has advanced 
two very pertinent suggestions. Unless they are 
alread}' included in some specific way in your pro- 
gram for the Fourth of July, may we call them 
strongl}- to }our attention. These suggestions are: 

''(i) Arrange as part of the program, some 
feature which shall create deep interest and co- 
operation on the part of the foreign-born popula- 
tion — such as a chorus made up of representa- 
tives of all choral societies, singing well-known 
national hymns ; also arrange for the playing by 
bands of patriotic selections from the national 
airs of our Allies. 

''(2) Wherever possible, one or more of 
the speakers should be an American of foreign 
birth, who shall voice the aspirations of the 
people of his native land for the freedom of 
America and devotion to the ideals of America, 
the land of his adoption. 



136 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

"The singing of Anitrica !)y audiences, led by 
community choruses, would be titting. and the reading 
of the Declaration of Inde])endence will, of cour>e. be 
a feature of practically all Fourth of July celel^rations. 
There is the special suggestion made 1)\- tlie Council of 
National Defense, that at all Fourtli of julv celel)ra- 
tions there should be read the >])ecial lnde])endence 
Day Message from President Wilson. This message 
has been prepared especially for the "Four Minute 
Men." and should be read from the platform l)v one 
of them. It will not be given publicity beforehand, 
and will be heard by the ])eople for the tirst time. 

"The Fourth of July means this year more than 
it has ever meant before. Coming at the time when 
America is fighting for the freedom of all nations, it 
is more than a national holiday; it is an international 
holiday. 

"It is especially titting therefore, that Ameri- 
cans who came over here from choice, to seek our 
freedom, and who are now helping to extend it. l)e 
especially recognized on this occasion. 

"We rely on your cooperation. Please com- 
mand us for any assistance that we mav render." 

A special celebration of state-wide significance was arranged 
in Columbus on July Fourth under joint auspices of the State De- 
fense Council and the Columlms Chamber of Commerce, with 
Ignace Jan Paderewski. celel^rated Polish pianist and jjatriot, as 
princi])al speaker. 

N()N-W.\k C( )XSTKUCTI()X 

S'lWTE COM.MriTEE 

C. L. Dickey Columbus 

F. L. Packard Columbus 

E. T*". Wood Columlius 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was requested 
in September, 1918. by the k'ield Division, Council of National 
Defense, at Washington, to act as the representative of rhe War 
Industries Board in passing u]ioii ])ro])osed construction, in order 



A'oii-irar Coiistrnctio)i I37 

that all buildiiiii- which was not absolutely necessary might be 
stopped. 

The state committee, with C. L. Dickey. Chairman, was ap- 
pointed by the Governor, as Chairman of the Defense Council, on 
September 2t,, 1918. 

Mr. Dickey, without salary, gave full time to. the work. Meet- 
ings of the state committee were held daily for several weeks, and 
an immense amount of business cleared. Tireless efforts of Mr. 
Dickey and his state committeemen resulted in the prompt handling 
of literally hundreds of cases which woukl have been delayed ma- 
terially if petitioners had been compelled to wait for the set-up of 
the local committees. 

Through assistance of Mr. S. J. Brandenburg, in charge of 
county and community organization, local conunittees were nomi- 
nated and appointed in each county in the state. (Membership of 
the local committees is hereinafter listed.) 

Instructions were sent to all the local committees asking them 
to organize and to notify those affected in their communities of the 
restrictions imposed by the government, and to request, so far as 
possible, that unnecessary building be deferred. 

Local committees were instructed to pass on applications for 
"building permits, to make their recommendations to the state com- 
mittee, which in turn transmitted them to the Non-War Construc- 
tion Section of the War Industries Board at Washington. 

The disapproval of countless projects, public and private, 
naturally created some commotion. Many building projects were 
already under way. There was much call in some centers for 
houses for munitions workers, and a great many factories were 
feeling the need of enlarging their facilities for the production of 
war materials. 

A distinction between building for war purposes and purely 
civil purposes was made, and questions of the former phase were 
referred to the Regional Directors of the War Industries Board. 
Mr. Edwin C. Gibbs, of Cincinnati, and Mr. W. B. McAllister, of 
Cleveland. 

A modification of original instructions later permitted farmers 
to erect small buildings up to the cost of $500.00, without permit. 

C. L. Dickey, Chairman of the state Non-War Construction 
Committee, reporting on activities of the committee, has written 
as follows : 



138 Ohio Braiic/i. Coiiiuil of Xatioinil Defense 

"A great many of the count \- conniiittees were 
very active in their labors. The splendid spirit in 
which the people of C)hio received these restrictions 
by the government was one of the striking evidences 
of their loyalty and interest in winning the war. 
With few exceptions, when people were asked to sus- 
pend operations they cheerfully complied and agreed 
to defer further operations until a more convenient 
season. 

"Some difficulties arose in connection with the 
building of houses for nnmitions workers, mainly in 
Dayton, Youngstown and ^Mansfield. The United 
States Housing Corporation, in connection with the 
State Non-War Construction Committee, worked out 
a scheme for the building of houses in those centers 
Avhere large numbers of industrial workers had con- 
gregated, engaged in war work in plants furnishing 
material for the government, Ijy which these workers 
could be allowed to build houses. 

"Before this scheme could be put into operation, 
however, the happy da}- of peace came. The Chair- 
man of the State Xon-War Construction Committee 
and the \'ice-Chairman. (Jhio Branch. Council of 
National Defense, were in Washington in conference 
with the War Industries Board on November nth, 
when the ringing of bells and the blowing of whistles 
conveyed the glad intelligence that the great war was 
at an end, that the armistice had been signed and ])eace 
assured.'" 

On November 22, 1918, the War Industries Board wired from 
Washington that all restrictions were removed, which ])ractically 
ended activities of the state and local committees. 

The applications on file with the Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense, show that building operations were deferred dur- 
ing the brief history of the state committee, amounting to approxi- 
mately $2,000,000, and not including many projects approved by 
the county committees and by personal interview with the state 
committee. 



Noii-li or Const) i!cti(, II 139 



COUNTY COMMITTEES 

ADAMS COUNTY 

Sherman S. Jones West Union 

James N. Xixon Peebles 

Gordon D. Lovett Manchester 

ALLEN COUNTY 

A. L. Matheny Lima 

N. L. Michael Lima 

W. C. Bradley Lima 

ASHLAND COUNTY 

J. W. Lemon Ashland 

J. W . Myers Ashland 

W. J. Weirick Loudonville 

ASHTABULA COUNTY 

F. E. Crosby Ashtabula 

E. Kimball Conneaut 

F. W. Martin Geneva 

ATHENS COUNTY 

Geo. Whipple Athens 

F. L. Alderman Athens 

Fred Beckler Athens 

AUGLAIZE COUNTY 

G. A. Wintzer Wapakoneta 

W. F. Brodbeck St. Marys 

Julius Gilberg New Bremen 

BELMONT COUNT\' 

John W. Jones Bellaire 

Wm. E. Thomas Bridgeport 

M. B. Pancoast Barnesville 

BROWN COUNTY 

Frank P. Hite Ripley 

J. R. Williams Decatur 

Walter Watson Mt. Orab 

BUTLER COUNT V 

D. E. Harlan Middletown 

T. A. Jones Excello 

S. M. Goodman Hamilton 



140 Ohio Bnuuh. Council of Nafioiia! Jh-fcnsc 

CARROLL COUNTY 

Homer J. Ricliards Carrollton 

Mil \ IV ngsil Kilgore 

Isaac Moses Hibbetts 

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY 

T. E. Dye Urbana 

E. W. Holding Urbana 

D. S. Colwell Urbana 

CLARK COUNTY 

Edwin S. Houck. Springfield 

Robert S. Rodgers Springfield 

Herbert S. Forgy New Carlisle 

CLERMONT COUNTY 

Hayward D. Gatch Milford 

W. S. Jeremiah Tobasco 

Louis Buerkle Batavia 

COLUMBIANA COUNTY 

C. F. Woods East Palestine 

Cleaver Richardson Lisbon 

George Owen East Liver])ool 

COSHOCTON COUNTY 

M. Q. Baker Coshocton 

C. R. Fredericksi )n Coshocton 

H. D. Beach Coshocton 

CRAAVFORD COUNTY 

Henry Bormuth Crestline 

A. A. Crawford Galion 

A. G. Moser Bucyrus 

CUYAHOGA COUNTY 

ImIih \ KlinLi Cleveland 

F. A. Chapin Cleveland 

E. W. Cunningham Cleveland 

DARKE COUNTY 

K. M. Bickel Greenville 

Geo. W. Mace Greenville 

Burr Evans ( jreenville 



iVoii-U'ar Constniction 141 

DEFIAXCK COUXTV 

Chas. Behringer Defiance 

J. E. Hosier Sherwood 

!-^r,l M.k\> Jewell 

DELAWARE COUNTY 

Geo.W. Thomas Delaware 

Capt. R. H. Kellogg Delaware 

O. W. Whitney Snnbury 

ERIE COUXTY 

C. A. Judson Sandusky 

Thos. B. Hoxsey Sandusky 

John L. Rieger Sandusky 

FAIRFIELD COUNTY 

Hon. M. A. Daugherty Lancaster 

Major Leroy Silbaugh Lancaster 

Wm. K. Alartin Lancaster 

FAYETTE C()UXT^■ 

M. S. Daugherty Washington C. H. 

J. D. Post \\ashington C. H. 

A. W. Duff Washintjton C. H. 



F RAX KLIN COUNT V 

Samuel D. Hutchins Columhus 

Nelson A. Sims Columbus 

Geo. Bareis ' Canal Winchester 

FULTON COUNTY 

Ed. Scott . . . .* Wauseon 

T. C. Wardley Wauseon 

Arnold Waldeck Delta 

GALLI ACOUNTY 

C. D. Kerr ' Gallipolis 

A. K. Merriman Gallipolis 

A. C. Safford Gallipolis 

GEAUGA COUNTS' 

R. King ; Chardon 

C. E. Williams Burton 

W. E. Spencer Chardon 



14- Ohio Branch. Council of iKatioital IJcfcnsc 

GREENE COUNTY 

Thos. J. Kennedy Xenia 

Arthur J. Perrill Xenia 

John C. Huston Xenia 

(GUERNSEY COUNTY 

Roger Kirkpatrick Cambridge 

Frank L. Schick Cambridge 

HAMILTON COUNTY 

Col. W'm. Cooper Proctor Cincinnati 

Geo. W. Harris Cincinnati 

Walter J. Friedlander Cincinnati 

Charles J. Livingood Cincinnati 

HANCOCK COUNTY 

A. R. Taylor Findlay 

C. \\". Patterson Findlay 

E. D. Powell Findlay 

HARDIN COUNTY 

W. C. McGuffey McGuffey 

T. W. Stinchcomb Kenton 

L. A. Ansley Kenton 

HENRY COUNTY 

F. S. Daum Napoleon 

F. \Y. Riddef Napoleon 

G. E. Raferty Napoleon 

HIGHLAND COUNTY 

Jos. A. Head Hillsboro 

Thos. B. Spencer Hillsboro 

W'm. I. Barr Greenfield 

HOCKING COUNTY 

Chas. Seidenfeld Murray 

John F. White Logan 

L. J. Brown Haydensville 

HOLLIES COUNTY 

Dr. J. D. Fair. . '. Millcrsburg 

W. N. Crow Millersburg 

W. E. Snvder Millersburg 



Non-War Coiistnictioii 143 

HURON COUXTY 

G. A. Wright Bellevue 

Finley Hester Norwalk 

Caylor Deelman Willard 

JACKSOX COUXTY 

Fred Scott Coalton 

Carp Stevenson Jackson 

D. C. Parry Oak Hill 

JEFFERSOX COUXTY 

Geo. A. Gescheider Steubenville 

Harry A. Zink Steubenville' 

Geo. H. Hamilton Steubenville 

KXOX COUNTY 

B. M. Critchfield Mt. \>rnon 

E. O. Arnold Mt. Vernon 

Walter Earlyvvine Mt. \'ernon 

LAKE COUXTY 

M. A. Tuttle Painesville 

W. Albert Davis Painesville 

E. D. Heartwell Painesville 

LAWRENCE COUNTY 

F. A. Bixby Ironton 

H. N. Potts Ironton 

E. J. Merrill Ironton 

E. B. Adams Ironton 

LICKING COUNTY 

J. R. Speck Newark 

John A. Chilcote Newark 

John H. Myer Newark 

LOGAN COUXTY 

Walter V. Scott Bellefontaine 

F. N. Johnson Bellefontaine 

J. G. Morris Bellefontaine 

LORAIN COUNTY SO. 1 

John M. Harding Lorain 

F. A. Sanford Lorain 

S. \V. Mathews Lorain 



144 Oliii) Branch. Council of Natioi;al Defense 

LORAIX COUNTY NO. 2 

E. Ja\- Howenstine Elyria 

J. C. Crisp Elyria 

A. J. Curren Elyria 

LUCAS COUNTY 

Henry C. Truesdall Toledo 

C. C. Kilbury Toledo 

D. H. Goodwillif Toledo 

MADISON COUNTY 

Harry G. Beale Mt Sterling 

Chas. Wilson Plain City 

Elijah W. Bales London 

MARION COUNTY 

D. R. Crissinger Marion 

Geo. W'hysall Alarion 

J. F. Moore Pros])ect 

MAHONING COUNTY 

Thos. McDonald Youngstovvn 

H. D. Rhodehouse Youngstown 

C. H. Kennedy Youngstown 

MEDINA COUNTY 

Walter Bibbins Medina 

Richard Albert • ■ odi 

L. D. Randall Medina 

MEIGS COUNTY 

Judge Albert D. Russell Pomeroy. 

Wyatt G. Plantz Pomeroy. 

Hart Stanlierry Pomeroy. 

MERCER COUNTY 

E. J. Brookhart Celina 

W. F. Pixler Rockford 

W. E. Wilson Ft. Recovery 

MIAMI COUNTY 

A. A. Hall ■ Piqna 

Forest Flowers Troy 

L. E. Coppock Tip|)ecanoe City 



Non-War Constnict'wn 145 

MONROE COUNTY 

E. D. Thompson Woodsfield 

W. C. Mooxey, Jr Woodsfield 

J. M. Loffiand Woodsfield 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

Wm. C. Weinman Dayton 

Ril T. Baker Dayton 

S. Ruf us Jones Dayton 

MORGAN COUNTY 

H. M. Finley ■ McConnelsville 

Geo. S. Ralston McConnelsville 

Edward Shafer. McConnelsville 

MORROW COUNTY 

Thad. E. Buck Mt. Gilead 

A. M. Smith Climax 

C. F. Heimlich Cardington 

MUSKINGUM COUNTY 

Frank W. Davis Zanesville 

Jos. Brelsford Zanesville 

James Knapp Zanesville 

NOBLE COUNTY 

Fred Combs Belle Valley 

B. B. Wheeler Sharon 

W. A. Okey Caldwell 

H. F. Hancher Caldwell 

C. I. McKee Caldwell 

OTTAWA COUNTY 

Jas. H. Mizener Port Clinton 

Chas. Roose Oak Harbor 

J. A. Gossman Elmore 

PAULDING COUNTY 

W. J. Wheeler Paulding 

S. A. Renollet Cecil 

John H. Finley Paulding 

PICKAWAY COUNTY 

O. S. Howard Circleville 

F. P. Berger Circleville 

Chas. Lewis Circleville 

IC C. OP N. D. 



146 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

PIKE COUNTY 

Frank Horn Cynthiana 

Chas. Wynn Piketon 

Ernest Wells Waverly 

PORTAGE COUNTY 

C. R. Sharp Ravenna 

P. B. Shall Kent 

L. V. Miller Garrettsville 

PREBLE COUNTY 

Jos. A. Day New Paris 

Hon. Elam Fisher Eaton 

F. Brooks, Jr Eaton 

PUTNAM COUNTY 

Jas. W. McDowell Ottawa 

John S. Blosser .- Clnverdale 

Robt. Downing Vaughnsville 

RICHLAND COUNTY 

Edwin D. Baxter Mansfield 

Samuel Davey Mansfield 

C. F. Harding Mansfield 

ROSS COUNTY 

John A. Poland Chillicothe 

A. E. Herstein Chillicothe 

Timmons Harmount Chillicothe 

SANDUSKY COUNTY 

A. H. Jackson Fremont 

Thos. P. Dewey Clyde 

Dr. N. B. Ervin Gibsonburg 

SCIOTO COUNTY 

Geo. E. Kricher Portsmouth 

Gilbert S. Monroe Portsmouth 

Wade S. Kennedy Portsmouth 

SENECA COUNTY 

Wm. H. Krell Tiffin 

James D. Watson Tiffin 

B. F. Cockavne ' Tiffin 



Non-War Construction 147 

SHELBY COUNTY 

Val Lee Sidney 

Robert Marshall Sidney 

A. J. Hess Sidney 

STARK COUNTY 

John F. Odea Canton 

E. H. Birney Massillon 

Chas. L Kay Alliance 

SUMMIT COUNTY 

Sam F. Ziliox Akron 

A. H. Commins Akron 

Geo. H. Kile Akron 

TRUMBULL COUNTY 

J. C. Skelly Warren 

James McFarlin Girard 

Frank Thomas Niles 

TUSCARAWAS COUNTY 

Frederick W. Andrews New Philadelphia 

Ed. P. Uhrich Uhrichsville 

Geo. Bowen Strasburg 

UNION COUNTY 

E. F. Southard Marysville 

J. M. Lentz Marysville 

Chas. M. Cloud Marysville 

VAN WERT COUNTY 

W. H. Pennell Van Wert 

W. T. Backus Van Wert 

R. F. Kiger Van Wert 

VINTON COUNTY 

Hon. D. H. Moore McArthur 

. R. O. Wakhal Zaleski 

Howard Huhn Hamden 

WARREN COUNTY 

Leon Simonton Lebanon 

Wm. McBurney Lebanon 

Henrv Suemening Lebanon 



148 Ohio Branch. CoiDicil of A'atiomil Defense 

WASHINGTON COUNTY 

Geo. Weiser Marietta 

Fred Snodgrass Marietta 

L. Gruber Marietta 

WAYNE COUNTY 

Wayne Hart Wooster 

A. D. Metz Wooster 

E. S. Landes '. . . . Wooster 

WILLIAMS COUNTY 

E. T. Binns Bryan 

Irvin L. Burk Edgerton 

A. P. Rothenberger Montpelier 

Geo. Ely Pioneer 

W. T. Orton West Unity 

S. P. Louys Stryker 

WOOD COUNTY 

Tom Franey .■ Perrysburg 

R. S. Sweet .' Bowling Green 

Henry Sommers North Baltimore 

WYANDOT COUNTY 

C. D. Hare Upper Sandusky 

Chas. F. Plumb Upper Sandusky 

D. E. Furnbaugh Upper Sandusky 

FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION 

At the outbreak of the war, the National Board of Fire Under- 
writers volunteered the services of their expert inspectors to the 
government for the protection of the food and industrial supplies 
of the country. 

The United States government accepted this profifer of service, 
and the men were assigned to the different states. 

The Governor of Ohio referred the assignment for the Buck- 
eye State to the Department of State Fire Marshal for action, the 
department working in cooperation with the Ohio Branch, Council 
of National Defense. 

Then began a complete and definite inspection of mills, muni- 
tion factories, wholesale groceries, elevators, terminals, coal mines, 
etc., with a view to making such free from fire hazards. 



Fire Prevention 149 

This threw into the field over 200 men, equipped by years of 
study and by practical field work, to take up plant inspection in a 
thorough and efficient manner. These men, working hand in hand 
with state and federal inspectors, accomplished such splendid re- 
sults that Ohio fires in elevators, mills, munition plants, and other 
places manufacturing or storing material used for war, were re- 
duced at least sixty per cent. 

This was in spite of the fact that the speeding up of indus- 
tries, the employment of new man material and alien enemy activity 
had to be reckoned with. 

During the war period over 6,000 regular and special inspec- 
tions were made, nearly 4,000 orders were issued from the Fire 
Marshal's department, and ninety-two per cent of the orders have 
been complied with up to December 31, 1918. This does not in- 
clude a vast number of corrections made on the spot, at the sug- 
gestion of the inspectors, or by reason of letters sent from the 
Fire Marshal's office. 

As a result of this war-time conservation, Ohio goes into the 
winter of 1918 cleaner from fire hazards than any time in her 
history. For instance, there were 513 fires in October, 1917, and 
183 in October, 1918. 

The work begun while America was at war will be continued 
as honestly and thoroughly as it was done when the guns were 
thundering, not only during the present period of reconstruction, 
but afterward. 

The expert inspectors furnished by the National Board of Fire 
Underwriters cooperated faithfully with the Ohio Branch, Council 
of National Defense, and with the Ohio State Fire Marshal's de- 
partment, and it was due to the loyalty and ef^ciency of every man 
and woman on the job that results were obtained. 

The corrections ordered ran from placing "No Smoking" and 
"No Admittance" signs in mills, elevators, factories, etc., up to 
orders that required a radical change in sixty or more conditions in 
some of the largest repositories in the state in which some woeful 
hazards were exposed, from the employment of no waichman, 
crippled watchmen, and alien watchmen, to electric wiring that 
jeopardized the plants. 

Among conditions found were : A car load of "strike-any- 
where" matches in an inflammable building adjoining a wholesale 
grocery carrying a $250,000 stock, employment of an alien watch- 



150 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

man, speaking no English, in a plant carrying $500,000 in food- 
stuffs, and in this case an arson plant was discovered on one of 
the tipper floors. Other corrections made were on an automatic 
sprinkler system covering $100,000 worth of stock, and the system 
out of order. 

Remedial orders were issued on all the special hazards found, 
and these were sent direct to the responsible persons. 

The water supply of cities and towns was given special atten- 
tion, and faults removed. "Dead end" mains and fire plugs placed 
where they would become inoperative in case of fire were ordered 
removed and proper installation made. Also recommendations were 
made as to fire-tighting equipment, and the serious menace of elec- 
trolysis taken up. 

The "No Admittance" feature of war work was insisted upon ; 
and the danger of the promiscuous mixing of outsiders with the 
employees pointed out and stopped. 

Several infernal machine plots were miearthed and stopped 
before damage was done. 

In general, those in charge of inspection and enforcement 
found employers, capitalists and manufacturers eager to comply 
with all safety laws. 

During the winter of 191 7, when the intense cold threatened 
all the sprinklered risks in Ohio, it was insisted that proper fuel 
be given the plants so that they could protect themselves on fuelless 
days. 

No suspicious fire in Ohio was allowed to go uninvestigated, 
with the result that arson from all motives has been reduced. 

The matter of plant protection by fire-fighting units in the 
plants was taken up, and the result was very satisfactory. The 
cooperation between fire chiefs and chiefs of industrial plant fire- 
fighting units was recommended, and carried out, and thousands of 
letters of advice and many special pamphlets were sent where they 
would do the most good. 

The results accomplished in Ohio since war was declared in- 
clude: . 

(i) A cleaner state. 

■■■.{2) A better understanding on the part of mer- 

■. ■ ■ ;, chants and manufacturers of what constitute 

.;■ . .V fire dangers and how to eliminate them. 



Transportation by Highzvays i^i 

(3) A better understanding between city and indus- 
trial plant chiefs. 
(4) The reduction in the number of fires. 

(5) A firmer grasp on arson. 

(6) A splendid conservation — cooperation between' 

the insurance men, all civic bodies, the press, 
clergy, schools and teachers, merchants and 
manufacturers, etc., with the Department of 
State Fire Marshal. 

TRANSPORTATION BY HIGHWAYS 

The campaign to develop motor truck highway transportation 
in Ohio was launched on March 8, 1918, by appointment of a 
special sub-committee which inchided the following Chamber of 
Commerce traffic representatives : 

Guy M. P'reer, Chairman Cincinnati , 

James G. Young. Secretary Columbus 

G. L. Cory Springfield ' ' 

P. J. Gagen Sandusky 

W. W. Hall Akron 

B. F. Hurd Cleveland 

H. D. Rhodehouse Youngstown 

R. M. Robinson Dayton 

P. M. Seymour Canton 

C. S. Williams Mansfield 

H. G. Wilson Toledo 

This committee innovated the program by adoption of the 
following resolution : 

"In response to the request from the Council of 
National Defense, transmitted by the Chairman of the 
Transportation Committee of Ohio Branch, Council 
of National Defense, the undersigned representatives 
of Chambers of Commerce in various cities of the 
state, constituting a sub-committee of the Transporta- 
tion Committee of the Ohio Council, have adopted 
the following resolution : 

"(i) We believe it advisable that, in order to 
provide much needed addition to present transpor- 



152 Ohio Branch. Coinicil of National Defense I 

tation facilities, motor truck hiijlnvay transport should 
be encouraged. 

"(2) In order to conserve and oi>erate such 
motor truck transport as economically as possible, we 
believe it advisable to do everything possible to secure 
pay loads both ways and between intermediate points 
for such truck lines already in operation. 

"(3) To accomplish this, we recommend that 
the Chambers of Commerce and like organizations in 
the cities throughout Ohio shall constitute themselves 
I bureaus of information where shippers may list their 

needs and truckers may list their service, thus putting 
shipper and carrier in touch with each other. 

"(4) We recommend that these bureaus be 
given due publicity in each city, by newspaper and 
pamphlet." 

Resignation of the chairman and secretary brought about disso- 
lution of this committee and the appointment, on September 5, 1918, 
of a new State Highways Transport Committee of the Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense, made up as follows: 

W. A. Alsdorf , Chairman Columbus 

G. F. Rudisill , Secretary Columbus 

W. T. Calerdine Cincinnati 

I. N. Lightcap Columbus 

S. V. Norton Akron ■ 

Royal R. Scott Toledo 

Mark W. Selby Portsmoutli 

Main functions of the new committee, which appointed district 
committees and county chairmen throughout the state, were : 

(i) Return Load Bureaus: The elimination of 

! empty running of trucks by the bringing to- 

; gether of shippers and truck owners in a sys- 

i tematic way, so as to provide full load wherever 

I possible. 

i (2) Rural Motor Express: Rapid development of 

I the use of the motor truck in regular daily 

i . service, over a fixed route, with a definite 



1 Transportation by Highzuays 153 

schedule of stops and charges gathering 
farm produce, milk, live stock, eggs, etc.; and, 
on the return trip, carrying merchandise, ma- 
chinery, supplies, etc., for farmers and others 
along the route. 

(3) Cooperation with Federal Railroad Administra- 

tion : The substitution of adequate truck serv- 
ice to relieve the freight service of railroads ; 
such cooperation as will eliminate to a large 
extent the short haul by railroads ; the relieving 
of congested terminals, through an effective 
store door delivery plan. 

(4) Educational : The organization of a campaign 

to place in its proper light, throughout the state, 
highways transport work, this result to be ac- 
complished through the medium of Chambers 
of Commerce, Rotary Clubs, newspapers, trade 
journals, magazines, motion picture shows, 
public bodies, private bodies of a public char- 
acter, and, especially, the enlisting of the sup- 
port of the owners and drivers of all transport 
vehicles. 

(5) Transport Operating Efficiency: Under this 

division, the making of transportation more 
efficient was sought through encouragement of 
the use of sufficient transport vehicles to avoid 
the making of trips with only part loads ; also,, 
briefly, the elimination of waste time in loading 
and unloading, delays in giving and signing of 
receipts, and other purely detail matters of this 
character. 

The new committee began its work with a study of plans, ex~ 
periences and results of committees in other states that had been 
in existence for a time, and with the consideration of conditions 
and needs in Ohio. 

In this connection, the committee has undertaken four import- 
ant surveys : 

(i) Survey of Truck Operators, in which it was 
sought to learn the names and addresses of all 



154 OJiio Branch, Council of National Defense • -, 

truck operators ; number of trucks in operation, 
and capacity ; whether used in city or inter- 
city haulage; also, information as to rates, 
schedules, and possibilities of increased ton- 
nage. 

(2) Survey of Rural Motor Express, in which infor- 

mation was sought of farmers as to what pro- 
duce is raised, in what quantity, and where the 
logical market ; also the present method of 
marketing and the possibility of increased pro- 
duction. 

(3) Factory and Store Survey, in which informa- 

tion was gathered as to 1. c. 1. shipments, pres- 
ent method of shipping, points of origin or 
destination, distance of shipment ; also infor- 
mation as to causes of delays in shipments or 
deliveries, and the possibilities of enlarged 
shipping facilities. 

(4) Traffic and Terminal Survey, in which informa- 

tion was gathered as to the flow of traffic ; 
where congested ; ability of railways and steam 
lines to handle ; labor conditions ; f reighthouse 
conditions and capacity ; also information as to 
principal productions shipped in less than car 
load lots ; principal destinations ; average time 
consumed ; schedules, and approximate ton- 
nage. 

When compilations are completed on these questionnaires, a 
full grasp of the merchandise shipping conditions and possibilities 
in the state will be the basis of the degree or extent of service 
demanded. 

Among the other activities of the committee has been a 
thorough study of cost data in order to recommend uniform and 
fair rates for inter-city haulage, also uniform bill of lading and 
uniform insurance and snow removal. The committee has recom- 
mended legislation to establish the status of dependability in com- 
mercial hauling by motor trucks. 

It has been the purpose of the committee to bring about an 
increase in this new method of transportation, not with the idea 



Transportation by Highzvays a 55 

of diverting shipments from logical channels, but with the purpose 
of augmenting and enlarging the transportation means of the state 
by saving delays in shipments and getting the raw materials, food 
stuffs, and merchandise moving, through more efficient and general 
cooordination of railways, steam lines, and highway transportation. 
Despite disbandment of the State Council on December 31, 
1918, the Highways Transport Committee will continue its service 
and activities until officially released from its duties by the High- 
ways Transport Committee of the Council of National Defense at 
Washington. 



On request of the Council of National Defense and the War 
Department, the general Transportation Committee of the Ohio 
Branch, Council of National Defense, M. J. Caples, Chairman, late 
in December, 1917, assisted the Quartermaster Corps, United States 
Army, in an initial test of military highway transport in this section 
of the country. 

The Transportation Committee, in cooperation with automo- 
bile clubs in northern Ohio, assisted in routing, piloting, quarter- 
ing and entertaining a motor train which moved from Detroit to 
the seaboard through Lucas, Sandusky, Huron, Lorain. Cuyahoga, 
Summit, Portage, Mahoning and Columbiana Counties. 



At the request of the federal government to facilitate trans- 
portation of war materials to the Atlantic seaboard, relieving rail- 
road congestion, convicts from the State Penitentiary and the 
State Reformatory were pressed into service by the Governor to 
speed the improvement of motor truck routes in Guernsey and 
Muskingum Counties, and to complete the last link in the National 
Road, the great east and west artery. 

The War Department informed the Governor, in April, 1918, 
that some 40,000 motor trucks were being constructed west of the 
Allegheny Mountains and east of the Mississippi River, all to be 
used overseas. It was the War Department's plan to send these 
trucks entirely over the old National Road, because they were to 
be shipped from Baltimore. 

The Governor, on investigation, found many roads down in 
the hills of Ohio that were well nigh impassable. State and De- 
fense Council officials, in consultation with the Governor, found 



15^J Ohio Branch, Coniicil of National Defense 

that, operating" precisel)' and technically within the law, which hars 
use of convicts on private contracts, the state could not work effi- 
ciently and economically in building these roads. 

Negotiation was entered into with contractors, who agreed to 
give up their private contracts so that the state might take over 
and rush the work at the instance of the federal government, with 
the result that government trucks were crossing Ohio on improved 
roads not later than the first of September, 1918. 

PATRIOTIC EDUCATION— SPEAKERS. 

Shortly after America's entry in the war, at the request of 
leading educators in Ohio, Governor James M. Cox appointed a 
Committee on Patriotic i^ducation, independent of the State Coun- 
cil of Defense. 

This committee, however, made its headquarters with the State 
Council, and, although nominally independent, it has functioned 
really as an integral part of the State Council. This committee 
included : 

D. J. Ryan Columbus 

C. W. Chamberlain Granville 

T. J. Duffy Columbus 

John W. Hoffman Delaware 

Father Francis VV. Howard Columbus 

S. Gale Lowrie (resigned) Cincinnati 

Frank B. Pearson Columbus 

Dr. W. O. Thompson Columbus 

Carl E. Parry, Executive Secretary Columbus 

Carl E. Parry, as executive of the committee, listed names of 
several hundred patriotic speakers, classified them by localities and 
interests, and supplied to them information to be used in public 
addresses, to aid in building war morale and in assisting the gov- 
ernment in war enterprises. 

The handling of professional speakers, most of whom were 
sent from Washington, however, absorbed most of the committee's 
time and effort. Among prominent speakers handled through the 
Speaking Division of the Committe on Patriotic Education, which 
was financed by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, 
were : 



Patriotic Education 157 

A number of speakers, some of them members of a Commis- 
sion sent to France by the United States Food Administration, who 
toured the state in March. They included : Mrs. Burnette Smith, 
an Enghsh woman. Major McLean Watt, Scottish Highlander 
chaplain. Doctor Julius Lincoln, Edwin B. Lord, Mrs. Forbes- 
Robertson Hale, Charles D. Crossman, Mrs. Isabelle Beecher, Mrs. 
William Ogden Wade, Mrs. Eleanor P. Barker. 

Lieutenant Paul Perigord, of the French Army, who spoke in 
Akron, Cleveland, Delaware, Marion, Sandusky, Bucyrus, Piqua, 
Hamilton, Columbus, Newark and Granville, reaching, in all, some 
twenty-five thousand auditors. 

Monsieur Albert Moulaert, Belgian Consul General at Chi- 
cago, who spoke in Columbus, Springfield and Cleveland. 

Lieutenants Renard Sauvage and DeCoux, of the French 
Army, one or the other of whom spoke in each of the following 
])laces : Columbus, Lakeside, Cincinnati, Mount Vernon, Cleve- 
land, Ironton, Mount Gilead and Mansfield. 

Countess Madeline DeBryas, of Paris, who spoke in Columbus, 
Delaware, Dayton and Cincinnati. 

Doctor Ignace Jan Paderewski, who addressed an Americani- 
zation meeting in Columbus on July 4th. 

Lieutenant Bruno Roselli, of the Italian Army, who spoke in 
Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus, Sandusky, Akron and Cleveland. 

Lieutenant David A. Constantini, of the Italian Embassy, who 
spoke in Columbus, Piqua, Lima and Toledo. 

Sergeant J. E. Webb and Corporals Morris and Cosgrove. 
Pershing veterans, one' or another of whom spoke in Coshocton, 
Columbus, West Jeft'erson, Athens, Dayton, Toledo, Middletown, 
Lima, Hamilton, Oxford, Cincinnati, Greenville, Napoleon, \'an 
Wert, St. Marys, Wapakoneta and Youngstown. 

COMMERCIAL ECONOMY 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense has cooperated 
with the Commercial Economy Board of the Council of National 
Defense at Washington, D. C, and later the Conservation Division, 
War Industries Board, in three distinct campaigns : 

(i) The curtailment of useless delivery service by 
retail merchants with special emphasis on the 
plan of one delivery a day over each route and 



158 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

the establishment of cooperative dehvery sys- 
tems in smaller cities and towns. 

(2) The non-return of unsold bread from the re- 

tailer to bakers. 

(3) A "Win the War" drive for early and useful 

Christmas buying, and the early sending of 
gifts. 

Assisted by Chambers of Commerce and Retail Merchant 
Associations in the principal Ohio cities and towns an intensive 
campaign has been waged by the Council for the reduction of 
delivery service and mercantile reforms proposed originally as war 
measures by the Commercial Economy Board of the National De- 
fense. 

The Commercial Economy Board reports officially that satis- 
factory results have been accomplished in approximately sixty Ohio 
cities and towns with especially commendable achievements in 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus and Dayton. 

Acting through the War Emergency Council of the Baking 
Industry, the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, petitioned 
all bakers in Ohio to discontinue the wasteful practice of taking 
back unsold bread from retailers. 

As a result of this campaign, it is estimated that bread materi- 
als fit for human consumption, were conserved in Ohio in an 
amount which approximates $1,500,000 on a yearly basis. 

Bread materials so conserved, formerly had been used for stock 
food or had been wasted outright. 

The United States Food Administration later carried on this 
campaign through special regulations which forbade the return of 
bread. 

The Christmas campaign inaugurated in October, 1918, was 
a publicity appeal to purchasers, based on agreements made by the 
Council of National Defense with retail merchants representatives 
which provided : 

(i) That merchants would not increase their work- 
ing force by reason of holiday business, and 
would not increase working hours of their 
force during the Christmas season. 



Legal Assistance 15^ 

(2) That merchants would curtail delivery service 

in accordance with the plan of the Conserva- 
tion Division, War Industries Board, for only 
one delivery a day over each route. 

(3) That merchants would use part of their adver- 

tising space to assist the public in buying useful 
articles and in sending gifts early. 

This campaign had already borne fruit when it was withdrawn 
by the War Industries Board, following signing of the armistice 
on November nth. 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in discontinu- 
ing the campaign for a curtailed retail delivery system, urged that 
merchants who had adopted delivery reforms would continue these 
reforms and would not drop back into the former wasteful methods 
of merchandising and delivery. 

In other words the Council appealed for the retention, if pos- 
sible, of economic benefits accomplished by the campaign. 

LEGAL ASSISTANCE TO SOLDIERS, SAILORS, MEN 

ABOUT TO JOIN THE ARMY AND NAVY, 

AND THEIR DEPENDENTS 

From the federal government in March, 1918, came the appeal 
for a state organization which would assist soldiers, sailors, men 
about to join the army and navy, and their dependents, in discover- 
ing and taking advantage of their rights under the Soldiers' and 
Sailors' Civil Rights Act under ^^^ar Risk Insurance statutes and 
under the Selective Service Act. 

This appeal reached the Ohio Branch, Council of National 
Defense, and the State Bar Association almost simultaneously. 

Honorable Edward Kibler, Sr., Newark, Ohio, head of the 
State . Bar Association, communicated immediately with Fred C. 
Croxton, Vice Chairman, Ohio Branch, Council of National De- 
fense, with the result that the following attorneys were appointed 
by the Governor, as Chairman, to become a Legal Sub-committee 
of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense : 



i6o Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

Edward C. Kil)ler, Sr., Chairman . Newark 

Paul Howland Cleveland 

T. J. Keating Columbus 

Hon. Joseph McGhee, Attorney General of Ohio Columbus 

A. B. Williams, Jr. (Representing Am. Red Cross, 

Civilion Relief) Cleveland 

The appointment of A. B. Williams, Jr., who was Assistant 
Director, Civilian Relief, Lake Division, American Red Cross, at 
Cleveland, gave direct representation to and recognition of the legal 
assistance rendered by the Home Service Sections of the Red Cross, 
and made possible a plan of joint cooperation with that organization 
throughont the state. 

Mr. Williams was later succeeded on the committee by Reuben 
R. Holmes, who succeeded him on Lake Division, Red Cross head- 
quarters, when Mr. Williams was appointed to work in Washington. 

This committee immediately, in April, 1918, appointed local 
Legal Committees in each county, taking over bodily the extensive 
organization of I^egal ^Vdvisory Boards in draft districts already 
established and joining with these boards representatives of the 
Home Service Section of the American Red Cross in all localities, 
making such local committees responsible jointly to the State 
Council of Defense and the Division of Civilian Relief, American 
Red Cross, at Cleveland. 

The main purposes of the state committee and the local county 
committees were : 

(i) The preparation of a booklet of legal rules for 
the guidance of soldiers and sailors entering 
the service, and their dependents. 

(2) To explain the Selective Service Law to drafted 

men. 

(3) To give legal advice as to the benefits of war 

risk insurance, allotment of soldiers' and sail- 
ors' pay, the Soidiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights 
Act, and other war emergency laws relating to 
men entering the service or already in. 

(4) To draft wills and attend to caring for the prop- 

erty and settling business of men entering the 
service. 



Legal Assistance i6i 

(5) To represent soldiers and sailors in court where 

necessary and obtain for them the benefits of 
the Civil Rights Act, when in force. 

(6) To arrange to attend to such business matters as 

require and are capable of attention, in the 
absence of men in the service. 

With the assistance of the State Councils Section, Council of 
National Defense, at Washington, a handbook of legal rules for 
guidance of soldiers and sailors and for use of local Legal Com- 
mittees, was prepared in July, 191 8, by the state Legal Sub-com- 
mittee, and an issue of 100,000 copies of this booklet was distrib- 
uted through the following channels : 

(a) Through local draft boards to men about to 

enter military service. 

(b) Through local Legal Committees for instruction 

of attorneys locally. 

(c) Through the Red Cross at Camp Sherman, 

Chillicothe, Ohio, to Ohio men already in serv- 
ice at that cantonment. 

(d) Through the Red Cross at Camp Sheridan. 

Montgomery, Alabama, to Ohio men already in 
service at that cantonment. 

The organization in Ohio of local Legal Committees, appointed 
jointly by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense and the 
American Red Cross was unique and has served as a model for 
several other states. Its value has been in the equalization of prac- 
tically all volunteer legal talent in the local communities to help 
the men with the colors, and their dependents, and the committees 
have been uniformly industrious in fulfilling their obligations. 

On December 26, 1918, an urgent appeal was made to the local 
legal committees to assist on two important post-war readjustment 
propositions : 

(i) The finding of employment for returned soldiers 
and sailors. Li this connection members of 
local legal committees were asked to bring to 
the attention of all returned soldiers and sail- 

11 C. OF N. D. 



i62 Ohio Braiic/i. Council of A'ational Defense 

ors, the fact that the United States Employ- 
ment Service has the faciHties and is anxious to 
help them find jobs. 
(2 The necessity of impressing upon returned sol- 
diers and sailors the importance of retaining 
their government insurance and of continuing 
to pav their premiums. As a means of putting 
over this campaign the local legal committees 
have undertaken to assist the Red Cross in 
placing in the hands of each returned soldier 
and sailor the little Red Cross Booklet entitled 
'*\\'hen I Get Home." 

^ LIST OF LOCAL LEGAL CO^nilTTEES 

ADAMS COUXTY 

\V. P. Stephenson West Union 

C. E. Roebuck West Union 

W. C. Coryell * \\'est Union 

ALLEX COUXTY 

\Vm. Klinger Lima 

H. O. Bendey Lima 

D. C. Henderson Lima 

Oliver Kies Lima 

T. R. Hamilton Lima 

F. E. Mead Lima 

H. E. Garling Lima R. C* 

ASHLAND COUNTY 

D. H. Graven Ashland 

C. C. Chapman Ashland 

W. J. Weirick Loudonville 

Frank H. Patterson Ashland R. C. 

ASHTABULA COUNTY 

Judge J. W. Roberts Jefferson 

T. F. Munsell Ashtabula 

LI. F. Perrv Jefferson 



R C. deinite- the Red Cross representative on the local committee. 



Legal Assistance 163 

ATHENS COUNTY 

J . M. Wood Athens 

A. B. Wells Athens 

John J. Wooley Athens 

Emmet Keenan Athens R. C. 

C. W. Junsper Nelsonville R. C. 

AUGLAIZE COUNT)' 

Then. Tangemann Wapakoneta 

R. D. Anderson ^^'apakoneta 

Roy E. Layton \^'apakoneta 

Jacob T. Koenig \\"apakoneta R. C. 

BELMONT COUNTY 

W. B. Francis . Martins Ferry 

W. T. Dixon, Jr Alartins Ferry 

J. C. Heinlein Bridgeport 

James C. Tallman Bellaire 

H. T. Tyler Bellaire 

R. W. Schertzer Bellaire 

A. M. Brown St. Clairsville 

T. C. Ayers St. Clairsville 

Earl R. Lewis St. Clairsville 

C. E. Timberlake Bellaire R. C. 

BROWN COUNTY 

James W. Tarbell Georgetown 

Omega E. Young Georgetown 

Jos. W. Bagby Georgetown 

Harry E. Parker Georgetown R. C. 

BUTLER COUNTY 

W. H. Todhunter Middletown 

H. L. De/ll Middletown 

C. W. Elliott Middletown 

Judge Wm. S. Giffin Hamilton 

Harry S. Wonnell Hamilton 

Walton Bowers Hamilton 

Judge W. S. Harlan Hamilton R. C. 

G. W. A. Willmore Middletown R. C. 

CARROLL COUNTY 

Judge H. J. Eckley Carrollton 

William Maffett Carrollton 

R. E. McDonald Carrollton 



j64 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY 

E. P. Middleton Urbana 

B. Frank Miller Urbana 

L. C. Bodey Urbana 

Marion B. Owen Urbana R. C. 

CLARK COUNTY 

John B. McGrew Springfield 

Edwin L. Arthur Springfield 

A. C. Link Springfield 

F. W. Geiger Springfield 

J. M. Cole Springfield 

Paul C. Martin Springfield 

J. E. Bowman Springfield R. C. 

CLER^IONT COUNTY 

W. A. Joseph Batavia 

Allen B. Nichols Batavia 

W. C. Bishop Batavia 

CLINTON COUNTY 

Judge F. M. Clevenger Wilmington 

W. B. Rogers Wilmington 

G. P. Thorpe Wilmington 

COLUMBIANA COUNTY 

Jason H. Brooks East Liverpool 

Walter B. Hill East Liverpool 

J. R. Carey Salem 

L. M. Kyes East Palestine 

W. B. Hill East Liverpool 

R. G. Thompson East Liverpool R. C. 

COSHOCTON COUNTY 

Judge Jas. Glenn Coshocton 

Thos. H. Wheeler Coshocton 

Cliflford R. Bell Coshocton 

Thos. G. Brown Coshocton R. C. 

CRAWFORD COUNTY 

Judge Daniel Babst Crestline 

Rufus V. Sears Bucyrus 

Wm. J. Schwenk Bucyrus 

C. F. Shaber Bucyrus R. C. 

W. C. Beer Bucyrus R. C. 

Talbott & Talbott '..... Galion R. C. 



Legal Assistance 165 

CUYAHOGA COUNTY 

C. R. Cross Cleveland 

H. A. Beckett Cleveland 

D. G. Miller Cleveland 

C. K. Arter Cleveland 

R. O. Bartholamew Cleveland 

E. M. Bell • Cleveland 

E. G. Guthery Cleveland 

M. L. Locher ; Cleveland 

R. P. Abbey Cleveland 

J. C. Hostetler Cleveland 

T. R. Jewett Cleveland 

L. A. Kraus Cleveland 

J. Paul Lamb Cleveland 

Frederick L. Hole Cleveland 

Benj. L. Jenks Cleveland 

W. F. Maurer Cleveland 

W. J. Klotzbach Cleveland 

A. L. McGannon Cleveland 

Frank E. Hainen Cleveland 

W. L. Lister Cleveland 

R. A. Lang , Cleveland 

David E. Green Cleveland 

C. N. Fiscus Cleveland 

J. W. Tyler Cleveland 

Harry Cunimings Cleveland 

John Dowling Qeveland 

Robert Dawson • Cleveland ' 

Wallace Knight Cleveland 

J. A. Fenner Cleveland 

John M. Garfield Cleveland 

Frank Higley Cleveland 

Alfred Benesch Cleveland 

Samuel Horwitz Cleveland 

Wilfred J. Mahon Cleveland 

Joseph Backowski Cleveland 

Lad Krejci Cleveland 

W. A. Agnew Cleveland 

E. J. Abb) Cleveland 

Chas. Vavrina Cleveland 

E. S. Byers Qeveland 

Harry B. Howells Cleveland 

Richard J. Morarity Cleveland 

O. J. Zinner Cleveland 

A. A. Neiger Cleveland 

Max E. Meisel Qeveland 

Gary R. Alburn Qeveland 

B. D. Nicola Qeveland 



1 66 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

CUYAHOGA COUNTY — Concluded 

Howard Couse Cleveland 

J. A. Alburn Cleveland 

Clinton DeWitt Cleveland 

J. Milton Dyer Cleveland 

VV. N. Rosenzwing Cleveland 

H. N. Hobart Cleveland 

C. R. Bissell Cleveland 

H. J. Doolittle Cleveland 

R. E. Hyde Cleveland 

N. J. Brewer Cleveland 

R. A. Baskin Cleveland 

Howard A. Blackett Cleveland 

Judge J. W. Shallenberger Cleveland R. C. 

DARKE COUNTY 

L. E. Kerlin Greenville 

John F. Maher Greenville 

H. F. Dershem Greenville 

Marion Murphy Greenville R. C. 

Harvev F. Dershem ' Greenville R. C. 



DEFIANCE COUNTY 

Fred L. Hay Defiance 

John P. Cameron Defiance 

John W. Winn Defiance 

Tellis T. Shaw ! Defiance R. C. 



DELAWARE COUNTY 

H. W. Jewell Delaware 

F. M. Alarriott Delaware 

W. B. Jones Delaware 

ERIE COUNTY 

John F. McCrystal Sandusky 

George A. Beis Sandusky 

John F, McCrystal Sandusky R. C. 

Geo. C. Steineman Sandusky R. C. 

Carl Clark Sandusky 



F.MRFIELD COUNTY 

Judge John G. Reeves Lancaster 

Frank M. Acton Lancaster 

Judge C. W. McCleery Lancaster 

Rrnoks E. Shell Lancaster R. 



Legal Assistance 167 

FAYETTE COUXTY 

Judge F. G. Carpenter Washington C. H. 

Frank A. Chaffin Washington C. H. 

John Logan Washington C. H. 

H. M. Rankin Washington C. H., R. C. 

FRANKLIN COUNTY 

Judge T. M. Bigger Columbus 

Judge C. M. Rogers Columbus 

L. F. Sater Columbus 

O. H. Mosier Columbus 

John G. Price Columbus 

Judge M. G. Evans Columbus 

Jas. A. Allen Columbus 

T. J. Keating Columbus 

Daniel H. Sowers Columbus 

Chas T. Warner '. Columbus 

Edward L. Pease Columbus 

Judge E. B. Kinkead Columbus 

Frank M. Raymond Columbus 

Hugh Huntington Columbus 

Herbert M. Myers Columbus 

Judge E. B. Dillon Columbus 

Jas. N. Linton Columbus 

John E. Todd Columbus 

W. H. Jones Columbus 

John G. Price Co!umbi's R. C. 

FULTON COUNTY 

Fred H. Wol f Wauseon 

George B. Heise Wauseon 

R. B. Darby Wauseon 

GALLL\ COUNTY 

Roscoe J. Mauck. Gallipolis 

Matt. E. ]Merriman Gallipolis 

Hollis C. Johnston Gallipolis 

H. C. Johnston Gallipolis R. C. 

Judge R. T. Mauck Ga-llipolis R. C. 

GEAUGA COUNTY 

Judge Ter. Reynolds Chardon 

Chas. A. Wilmot Chardon 

Robt. S. Parks Chardon 



i68 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

GREENE COUNTY 

Judge C. H. Kyle Xenia 

H. L. Smith Xenia 

M. J. Hartley Xenia 

W. L. Miller Xenia R. C. 

GUERNSEY COUNTY 

Judge C. S. Turnbaugli Camliridge 

A. R. McCulloch Cambridge 

Milton Turner Cambridge 

MiltDU H. Turner Cambridge R. C. 

HAMILTON COUNTY 

Judge Wade Cushing Cincinnati 

George E. Mills Cincinnati 

Edward Moulinier; Cincinnati 

R. Z. Buchwalter Cincinnati 

Oliver S. Bryant Cincinnati 

Joseph S. Graydon Cincinnati 

Judge Frederick Hoffman Cincinnati 

James G. Stewart Cincinnati 

James B. O'Donnell Cincinnati 

W. A. Geoghegan Cincinnati 

John E. Fitzpatrick Cincinnati 

Chas. M. Leslie Cincinnati 

O. J. Cosgrave Cincinnati 

Thornton R. Snyder Cincinnati 

Sanford Brown Cincinnati 

Judge S. Hickenlooper Cincinnati 

Robert C. Pugh Cincinnati 

Edward M. Ballard Cincinnati 

Judge S. Merill Cincinnati 

Judge Joseph O'Hara Cincinnati 

Alfred Mack Cincinnati 

Judge F. Gusweiler Cincinnati 

Albert H. Morrill Cincinnati 

Chas. H. Stephens Cincinnati 

Judge W. H. Lueders Cincinnati 

Thomas Darby Cincinnati 

Walter DeCamp Cincinnati 

Judge C". W. Hoffman Cincinnati 

Coleman Avery Cincinnati 

S. C. Roettinger Cincinnati 

Judge A. K. Nippcrt Cincinnati 

David Lorbach Cincinnati 

Henry G. Hauck Cincinnati 



Legal Assistance ' 169 

HAMILTON COUNTY — Concluded 

John A. Caldwell Cincinnati 

Province M. Pogue Cincinnati 

Howard N. Ragland Cincinnati 

George Hoadley Cincinnati R. C. 

HANCOCK COUNTY 

Wm. F. Duncan Findlay 

Chas. E. Jordan Findlay 

Chas. B. Dwiggins Findlay 

Chester Pendleton Findlay R. C. 

HARDIN COUNTY 

Judge W. H. Henderson Kenton 

Paul T. Mahon Kenton 

Donald Melhorn Kenton 

Hon. W. P. Henderson Kenton R. C. 

Cutter Dugan Kenton R. C. 

HARRISON COUNTY 

Judge W. B. Worley Cadiz 

Albert O. Barnes Cadiz 

Barclay W. Moore Cadiz 

HENRY COUNTY 

Judge J. M. Rieger Napoleon 

D. D. Donovan Napoleon 

W. W. Campbell Napoleon 

HIGHLAND COUNTY 

Judge Cyrus Newby Hillsboro 

Burch D. Huggins Hillsboro 

H. P. Morrow Hillsboro 

HOCKING COUNTY 

Elmer O. Pettit Logan _ 

C. V. Wright Logan 

H. E. Sparnon Logan 

HOLMES COUNTY 

Judge W. S. Hanna Millersburg 

Newton Stilwell Millersburg 

John Huston Millersburg 



I/O Ohio Branch. Council of National Dcfoisc 

HUROX COUNTY 

C. P. Wickham Xorwalk 

J. R. McKnight Xorwalk 

H. L. Stewart Xorwalk 

Hon. H. L. Stewart X'orwalk R. C. 

Hon. A. E. Rowley Xorwalk R. C. 

Allen Gaigler Bellevue R. C. 

JACKSOX COUNTY 

John Robbins Jackson 

E. E. Eubanks Jackson 

E. H. Willis Wellston 

Judge Frank Delay 

JEFFERSOX COUNTY 

Judge Carl A. Smith. . . .' Steubenville 

Judge J. A. Mansfield ' Steubenville 

D. M. Gruber Steubenville 

Earnest L. Finley Steubenville 

J. O. Naylor Steubenville 

Roy L. McClave Steubenville 

N.'d. Miller Steubenville R. C. 

J. A. Houston Steubenville R. C. 

KNOX COUXTY 

P. B. Blair Mt. Vernon 

F. O. Levering ]Mt. \'ernon 

Wm. M. Koons . .'. Mt. \>rnon 

B. O. Evans Mt. Vernon R. C. 

LAKE COUXTY 

A. G. Reynolds Painesville 

Geo. H. Shepherd Painesville 

Geo. W. Alvord Painesville 

LAWREXCE COUNTY 

Jud'^e Ed. E. Corn Ironton 

O. E. Irish : Ironton 

W. L. Elkins Ironton 

Fred Ross Ironton R. C. 

LICKING COUXTY 

John M. Swartz Xewark 

And. S. Mitchell Xewark 

John Howard Jones Xewark 



Legal Assistance 171 

LICKIXG COUX'TY — Concluded 

J. R. Fitzgibbon Newark 

Carl Norpell Newark- 
Edward Kibler, Jr Newark 

F. S. Randolph " Newark R. C. 

J. Howard Jones Newark R. C. 

Judge Hunter Newark R. C. 

LOGAN COUNTY 

Judge John C. Hover Bellefontaine 

Jacob J. ^IcGee Bellefontaine 

Johnson E. West Bellefontaine 

Judge E. Thompson Bellefontaine R. C. 



LORAIN COUNTY 

George L. Glitsch Lorain 

G. A. Resek Lorain 

James F. Strenik Lorain 

C. G. Washburn Elyria 

H. M. Redington Elyria 

Frank Wilford , Elyria 

D. A. Cook Lorain R. C. 

D. A. Paint Lorain R. C. 

LUCAS COUNTY 

Judge B. F. Brough Toledo 

Geo. P. Hahn Toledo 

Frank H. Geer Toledo 

Byron F. Ritchie Toledo 

W. W. Campbell Toledo 

xA.lbertus Brown Toledo 

Judge Julian Tyler Toledo 

Warren L. Smith Toledo 

S. A. Grezezinski Toledo 

Judge P. Manton Toledo 

Alonzo G. Duer Toledo 

Judge Curtis Johnson Toledo 

Frank Lewis Toledo 

Meyer Geleerd Toledo 

George B. Orwig Toledo 

Geo. W. Ritter Toledo 

Walter A. Eversman Toledo 

Judge J. A. Barber Toledo 

O. W. Nelson Toledo 

A. H. Miller Toledo 



17-2 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

MADISON COUNTY 

Judge R. G. Hornbeck London R. C. 

R. H. McCloud London 

James F. Bell London 

A. T. Cordray London 

Judge F. J. Murray London R. C. 

MAHONING COUNTY 

David F. Griffith Youngstown 

Ensign Brown Youngstown 

Chas. Koonce, Jr Youngstown 

Jas. B. Kennedy Youngstown 

W. C. DeFord Youngstown 

W. C. Carmen Youngstown 

C. D. Hine Youngstown 

Thomas McNamara Youngstown 

R. C. Henry Youngstown 

John B. Morgan Youngstown 

W. R. Graham Youngstown 

David G. Jenkins Youngstown 

John T. Harrington Youngstown 

MARION COUNTY 
Grant E. Mousor Marion 

D. R. Crissinger Marion 

H. W. Donothan Marion 

Louis E. Myers Marion R. C. 

MEDINA COUNTY 

Judge N. H. McClure Medina 

John D. Owens Wadsworth 

J. W. Seymour Medina 

A. B. Underwood Medina R. C. 

Fred O. Smever Wadsworth R. 



MEIGS COUNTY 

Judge A. P. Miller Pomeroy 

Fred W. Crow Pomeroy 

M. S. Webster Pomeroy 

MERCER COUNTY 

H. A. Miller Celina 

P. E. Kenney Celina 

E. J. Brookliart Celina 



Legal Assistance 173 

MIAMI COUNTY 

Walter D. Jones Troy 

G. T. Thomas Troy 

D. S. Lindsey Piqua 

J. Clare Hughes Piqua R. C. 

Leonard H. Shipman Piqua R. C. 

■ MONROE COUNTY 

D. E. Yost Woodsfield 

W. B. Moore Woodsfield 

W. H. Cooke Woodsfield 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

Mahlon Gebhart Miamisburg 

William A. Reiter Miamisburg 

Chester A. Eby Germantown 

John Shea Dayton R. C. 

Walter Cline Dayton R. C. 

Carroll Sprigg Dayton 

Earl H. Turner Dayton 

O. W. Irvin Dayton 

P. N. Sigler Dayton 

D. W. Allaman Dayton 

Qias. W. Folkerth Dayton 

Ira Crawford Dayton 

C. H. Kumler Dayton 

N. Fulton Dayton 

MORGAN COUNTY 

Judge L. J. Weber McConnelsville 

George H. Black McConnelsville 

A. H. Mercer McConnelsville 

MORROW COUNTY 

C. H. Wood ' Mt. Gilead 

H. H. Harlan Mt. Gilead 

J. C. Williamson Mt. Gilead 

Philips Wiel Mt. Gilead 

MUSKINGUM COUNTY 

Judge C. C. Lemert Zanesville 

G. A. Elliott Zanesville 

Frank L. Reed Zanesville 

Stanley J. Crew Zanesville 

' C. F. Ribble Zanesville 

John F. Whartenby Zanesville 

C. T. Marshall Zanesville R. C. 



174 Ohio Branch. Council of Natiojial Defense 

XOBLE COUNTY 

Judge J. M. McGiniiis Caldwell 

L. B. Frazier Caldwell 

W. H. Smith Caldwell 

Judge C. O. Dye Caldwell R. C. 

OTTAWA COUNTY 

Judge W. C. Wierman Port Clinton 

George A. True Port Clinton 

R. S. Gallagher Port Clinton 

PAULDING COUNTY 

E. L. Savage Paulding 

A. N. Wilcox Paulding 

O. W. Donart Paulding 

W. H. Snook Paulding R. C. 

PERRY COUNTY. 

Judge T. D. Price New Lexington 

T. ^L Potter New Lexington 

W. A. Allen New Lexington 

M. G. Enderwood New Lexington R. C. 

PICKAWAY COUNTY 

Clarence Curtan Circleville 

Barton Walters Circleville 

Irvin P. Snyder Circleville 

PIKE COUNTY 

L. G. Dill Waverly 

Levi B. Moore Waverly 

G. W. Rittenour : ; Piketon 

John \\'. Long Waverly 

PORTAGE COUNTY 

I. T. Siddall Ravenna 

.A. S. Cole Ravenna- 

W. E. Holden Ravenna 

Judge E. F. Robinson Ravenna R. C. 

PREBLE COUNTY 

-A.. C. Risinger Eaton 

A. AI. Crisler Eaton 

R. C. Dye Eaton 

H. L. Risinger Eaton R. C. 

F. J. Shuey : Crmiden R. C. 

Mr. Sheppard W. .-Mexundria R. C. 



Legal Assistance 175 

PUTNAM COUNTY 

John P. Bailey Ottawa 

Julius S. Ogan Ottawa 

Ben A. Unverforth Ottawa 

RICHLAND COUNTY 

Judge E. Mansfield Mansfield 

Judge N. M. Wolfe Mansfield 

James M. Reed ■. Mansfield 

Van C. Cook Mansfield R. C. 

D. W. Cummins Mansfield R. C. 

ROSS COUNTY 

Judge W. Goldsberry Chillicothe 

Peter J. Blosser Chillicothe 

Wade J. Beyerly Chillicothe 

SANDUSKY COUNTY 

Lester Wilson Fremont 

Homer Metzger Clyde 

A. V. Baumann, Jr Fremont 

David B. Love Fremon.t R. C. 

SCIOTO COUNTY 

Will J. Meyer Portsmouth 

Clinton M. Searl Por'tsmouth 

Mark Crawford Portsmouth 

Wm. J. Meyer Portsmouth R. C. 

SENECA COUNTY 

Judge J. H. Piatt Tiffin 

Rushton D. Niles Tiffin 

E. G. Staley Tiffin 

J.D.Watson Tiffin R. C. 

W. M. Witherspoom Fostoria R. C. 

SHELBY COUNTY 

J. D. Barnes Sidney 

W. J. Emmons Sidney 

P. R. Taylor Sidney 

Judge J. D. Barnes Sidney R. C. 

Judge H. H. Needlis Sidney R. C. 

Andrew J. He^s Sidney R. C. 



1/6 Ohio Branch. Coiiiuil of National Pcfciisc 

STARK COUNTY 

James E. Wilson Massilloh 

Thomas C. Davis Massillon 

Jno. V. Hammersmith Massillon 

H. C. Koehler Alliance 

E. W. Diehl Alliance 

A. W. Morris Alliance 

James H. Robertson Canton 

Loren E. Souers Canton 

Chas. S. Weintraub Canton 

Chas. S. McDowell Canton 

Russell J. Burt Canton 

Harry Nusbaum Canton 

David Day Canton R. C. 

Thomas Turner Canton R. C. 

J. T. Deford Minerva R. C. 

SUMMIT COUNTY 

Orlando Wilcox Cuyahoga Falls 

S. A. Decker Barberton 

Amos H. Engleback Akron 

Edwin Brouse Akron 

C. F. Schnee Akron 

Joseph Thomas Akron 

Frank Rockwell Akron 

Edward Scheck Akron 

Ernest E. Zesiger Akron 

P. B. Treash Akron 

Chas. H. Stahl Akron 

Meyer Wise Akron 

Geo. W. Seiber Akron 

W. E. Young Akron 

W. E. Slaybaugh Akron 

C. Blake McDowell Akron 

Dow W. Harter Akron 

Gordon Davies Akron 

Joe Thomas Akron R. C. 

Geo. Siever ■■ Akron R. C. 

W. E. Slabaugh Akron R. C. 

W. E. Young Akron R. C. 

TRUMBULL COUNTY 

Judge C. M. Wilkins Warren 

Chas. Fillius Warren 

Warren P. Thomas Warren 

Joseph Smith Niles 

W. F. MacQueen Niles 

G. P. Gilmer Niles 



Legal Assistance 177 

TUSCARAWAS COUNTY 

Judge J. F. Stephenson New Philadelphia 

W. V. Wright New Philadelphia 

T. J. Russell New Philadelphia 

George W. Reed Urichsville 

A. W. Elson Dennison 

Benj. Baldwin Dennison 

Judge M. V. Ream. N. Philadelphia R. C. 

Judge T. M. Walter N. Philadelphia R. C. 

A. C. Ruff Dover R. C. 

UNION COUNTY 

Judge John M. Broderick ' . . . Marysville 

John H. Kinkade Marysville 

James McCampbell Marysville 

C. A. Poopes Marysville R. C. 

VAN WERT COUNTY 

Henry W. Blachly Van Wert 

C. V. Hoke Van Wert 

O. W. Kerns Van Wert 

Arthur C. Gilpin Van Wert R. C. 

VINTON COUNTY 

H. W. Coultrap McArthur 

J. W. Darby McArthur 

O. E. Vollenweider McArthur R. C. 

James W. Darby McArthur R. C. 

WARREN COUNTY 

Judge W. J. Wright Lebanon 

Judge R. J. Shawhan Lebanon 

Howard W. Ivins Lebanon 

WASHINGTON COUNTY 

Edward B. Follett Marietta 

Joseph C. Brenan Marietta 

George W. Strecker Marietta 

J. C. Brenan Marietta R. C. 

Thos. J. Summers Marietta R. C. 

WAYNE COUNTY 

W. F. Kean Wooster 

A. D. Metz Wooster 

J. C. McClarran Wooster 

12 C. OF N. D. 



1/8 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

WILLIAMS COUXTY 

Edwin Gaudern Bryan 

David A. Webster Bryan 

A. L. Gebhart Bryan 

J. D. Hill Montpelier R. C. 

WOOD COUNTY 

N. R. Harrington Bowling Green 

F. P. Reigle Bowling Green 

W. W. Bunnipace Bowling Green 

WYANDOT COUNTY 

Judge Chas. F. Close L'pper Sandusky 

A. K. Hall Upper Sandusky 

David C. Parker Upper Sandusky 

John G. Carey L'pper Sandusky R. C. 

ASSISTANCE TO RETURNING DISABLED SOLDIERS 
AND SAILORS 

Called on by the federal government to assist in bringing to 
the attention of returning disabled soldiers and sailors, their rights 
and advantages under the Smith-Sears Act, the (Jhio Branch, Coun- 
cil of National Defense, late in November, joined with the Federal 
Board for Vocational Education, through \V. F. Shaw, Acting Dis- 
trict Vocational Officer at Cincinnati. Ohio, in a campaign designed 
to develop these essential points : 

(1) Cripples are not helpless and need not be de- 

pendents. Practically every cripple is capable 
of some useful self-supporting work, provid- 
ing the right job is found and he is trained in 
preparation for it. 

(2) The public must avoid over sentimental ill-con- 

sidered measures of commiseration, entertain- 
ment of relief, which tend to break down the 
independence of the disabled soldiers or sailors. 

(3) The knowledge that the government, through the 

Federal Board for Vocational Education, has 
made provision whereby e\ery permanently dis- 
aljled soldier and sailor who is no longer able 
to follow his former occupation may. without 
expense to himself. I)e trained in a new voca- 



Rctitniiiiy Soldiers and Sailors 179 

tion, recei\ing from the government a minimum 
of $65,000 per month while in training, together 
with assistance in finding suitable employment, 
as soon as the soldier or sailor under training 
has gained proficiency. 

The county and local Councils of Defense were enjoined : 

(i) To make sure that every man discharged from 
the army as permanently disabled, was given 
the address of the District Vocational Ofifice at 
Cincinnati and asked to get in touch with that 
office at once. 

(2) To secure a favorable attitude of employers 

toward rehabilitated men. 

(3) To see to it that those in charge of funds 

raised within their communities for the relief 
of disabled soldiers, were put in touch with the 
District Vocational Oflice at Cincinnati. 

EMPLOYMENT EOR RETURNING SOLDIERS AND 

SAILORS 

Finding jobs for returned soldiers and sailors was one of the 
first after-war assignments given Ohio by the federal government. 

The United States Employment Service, cooperating with the 
Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, was assigned the main 
responsibility for finding this employment. 

Ohio, with its large system of Employment Offices and Federal 
Community Labor Boards, did not follow the general plan, adopted 
in many states, of establishing new local Information Bureaus in 
each county, but relied upon the cooperation of various organiza- 
tions having to do with soldiers and sailors, in placing squarely upon 
the Employment Service the main task of finding employment for 
discharged soldiers, sailors, and war workers. 

The section of this report devoted to "Employment" describes 
methods followed by the Employment Service in attempting to get 
Ohio soldiers back into their old jobs. 

A plan was worked out with the Lake Division of the Ameri- 
can Red Cross, at Cleveland, whereby, in those counties which had 
no Employment Office, the Federal Community Labor Board, or 



i8o Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

local Red Cross Chapter headquarters, should be known and labeled 
as the "Bureau for Returning Soldiers and Sailors." In those cities 
and towns in which .Employment Offices were located, such Em- 
ployment Offices were to bear the designation of "Bureau for Re- 
turning Soldiers and Sailors." 

The State Council of Defense set up contact in local communi- 
ties with the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the National Catholic War 
Council, the Knights of Columbus, the Jewish War Relief Board, 
the Y. W. C. A., the War Camp Community Service and the Salva- 
tion Army, to the end that all soldiers and sailors reached by these 
organizations through their special war machinery might be di- 
rected to the nearest Employment Office (the Red Cross Chapter 
where there was no Employment Service) and might be instructed 
that the Employment Service had the facilities and was anxiotis to 
find employment for them. 

Where Red Cross Chapters were designated as the "Bureaus 
for Returning Soldiers and Sailors," such Red Cross Chapters were 
tied up with the nearest Employment Service in such a manner 
that all information gathered by the Employment Service as to jobs 
available, etc.. might be furnished them. 

WAR LIBRARY SERVICE FUND 

On September 5, 1917, Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of 
the Ohio Branch, Council of N^ational Defense, was requested by 
Frank A. Vanderlip, Chairman of the Library War Council, War 
Department, to assist in making a success in Ohio the nation-wide 
campaign for funds to equip libraries in camps and cantonments in 
this country and abroad. 

The Governor directed the Council use its utmost efforts, at 
the same time appealing in the newspapers for generous contribu- 
tion by Ohioans. 

The Council thereupon sent to every library in Ohio, through 
Charles Galbreath. State Librarian, a letter urging an active organi- 
zation in each county to solicit for the fund during the week of 
September 24, 191 7, and thereafter. 

Similar communications were sent county and city school 
superintendents throughout the state. 

The response was generous. More than $110,000 was con- 
tributed from Ohio — largely through the libraries and the schools. 



IVar Risk Insurance i8i 

NEWSPAPERS FOR CAMPS 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in September, 
1917, sent to all daily newspapers in Ohio a request that each 
furnish, free of charge, five copies daily for use in Y. M. C. A. 
buildings at Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama, where Ohio 
National Guardsmen were stationed. 

Newspapers, so requested, responded favorably in almost every 
case, with the result that the Y. M. C. A. "huts" were stocked 
liberally with papers from home for soldiers stationed there. 

WAR RISK INSURANCE 

County and local Councils of Defense, at the request of the 
federal government, assisted the ^^'ar Risk Insurance Bureau in 
its efforts to stamp out frauds in connection with claims for allot- 
ments and allowances under the War Risk Insurance Act. 

In this connection, the county and local Councils were helpful 
in reporting. 

(i) Cases wdiere the dependents of former soldiers 
and sailors were still receiving payments after 
the soldiers or sailors were discharged. 

(2) Cases where persons were receiving allowances 

who were not entitled to them, under provisions 
of the Act. 

(3) Cases where women named as wives of men — 

but not their wives - — were receiving allow- 
ances. 

(4) Cases where allowances were being received in 

the names of children who were not living. 

In all such cases it was impressed upon the county and local 
Councils that their work must be done quietly and quickly, and 
not in the manner of official investigation. Their task in this con- 
nection increased tremendously during the period of demobilization. 

CHRISTMAS GIVING FOR MEN IN MILITARY SERVICE 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, with its pub- 
licity machinery, served as the agency of the War Department and 



i82 OIlio Branch, Council of National Defense 

the Postoftice Department, in the instruction of those at home on 
how to prepare and send Christmas packages to soldiers, sailors and 
marines. 

Specific directions were transmitted to the newspapers through- 
out thte state and were given wide publicity. 

The home folks were told about how to do up their packages, 
maximum weight, what could go in the packages and what could not, 
when to ship and where. 

ASSISTANCE TO THE GOVERNMENT IN THE AVIA- 
TION PROGRAM 

Called on by the federal government to assist in providing 
facilities for the training of aeroplane pilots and aviation adjutants, 
the state of Ohio did its part. 

Appealed to by the War Department, Governor James M. Cox, 
Chairman of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, in 
cooperation with the Ohio State University at Columbus, practically 
turned over to the government all available facilities at the Uni- 
versity. 

On presentation of the facts by the Governor, tlie State 
Emergency Board, late in the fall of 1917, appropriated $80,000 
to build an aeroplane laboratory and barracks for the 360 aviation 
students on the University Campus. This appropriation, which 
practically depleted the Emergency Fund of the state, was granted 
on short notice, and made possible a large aviation enrollment at 
the University. 

The University, itself, contributed $13,000 from tuition 
revenues to enlarge the Ohio Union, student building on the 
Campus, for barracks room for cadet aviators. 

HELPING TO RECRUIT THE STUDENT ARMY TRAIN- 
ING CORPS 

Early in August, 1918, machinery of the Ohio Branch, Coun- 
cil of National Defense, reaching into the high schools and com- 
munities, was utilized to assist in recruiting the Student Army 
Training Corps. 

Twenty-six Ohio colleges — more than in any other state in 
the country — had been selected by the War Department to carry 
forward the work of military training for men of draft age while 



Training War Telegraphers 183 

in college. This meant that, in Ohio, every high school graduate 
of eighteen years or over and every college student under the draft 
age might begin his military training at once, without waiting for 
the draft call. 

Every channel of publicity at the command of the State Council 
was utilized to bring home to young men of high school and col- 
lege age the wisdom of enrolling in the Student Army Training 
Corps, and every attempt was made to furnish them with informa- 
tion as to the kind of courses which would be offered, opportunities 
for promotion, and requirements. 

Close relationship in this campaign was maintained with Doc- 
tor R. M. Hughes, Regional Director, and Professor William E. 
Smyser, State Director for Ohio. 

TRAINING OF WAR TELEGRAPHERS 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, assisting the 
Signal Corps of the Central Department, War Department, at 
Chicago, appealed to colleges, public schools and Y. M. C. A.'s 
throughout the state for the establishment of special classes to train 
telegraphers for the army. 

As a result of this campaign, such classes were organized, 
mainly from men of the draft age, in approximately 30 cities in 
Ohio. 

This work was later taken up and carried on in a more sys- 
tematic manner by the State Board for Vocational Education, 
operating under the Smith-Hughes Act, to give pre-draft training 
to young men about to enter the military service. 

DETECTION OF DESERTERS 

With cooperation of the American Protective League, through 
A. Clifford Shinkle, State Inspector at Cincinnati, the Ohio Banch, 
Council of National Defense, assisted in the tracing and apprehen- 
sion of soldiers absent without leave and deserting from camps in 
the United States. 

Up to December 31, 1918, more than 350 cases of A. W. O. L. 
and desertion had been referred to local Councils of Defense and 
local units of the American Protective League for joint investi- 
gation and action. 



184 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

At the same time, the State Council of Defense, through its 
publicity propaganda machinery, attempted to create a public senti- 
ment which would discountenance desertion from camps and which 
would result in a moral force hostile to absence without leave. 

Through the Woman's Committee, Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense, effort was made to create the feeling in the 
homes of soldiers" families that desertion and absence without 
leave is dishonor, not only punishable by heavy penalties, but a 
disgrace to the loyalty and patriotism which won the war. 

RENT PROFITEERING 

Complaints that soldiers' and sailors' families, together with 
war" workers, mainly in munitions industries, were being victimized 
by landlords in some parts of the state, resulted, in October, 1918, 
in action by the Legal Committee of the State Council. 

In cooperation with the Bureau of Industrial Housing and 
Transportation, United States Department of Labor, at Washing- 
ton, it was decided to appoint Rent Profiteering Committees in 
Cleveland, Cinciimati, Toledo, Youngstown, Akron. Chillicothe, 
Hamilton, Springfield. Dayton and Columbus. Local Rent Profi- 
teering Committees comprised in each case a representative of the 
local Legal Committee in each county, the local real estate organi- 
zation, the Home Service Section of the Red Cross, together with 
two representatives selected by the local Council of Defense. 

The nominations were made in each of the cities mentioned 
and committees appointed by the State Council of Defense in each 
city except where a Rent Profiteering 'Committee had already been 
established by the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transporta- 
tion, United States Depatment of Labor. 

The following memorandum shows procedure which governed 
operation of the Rent Profiteering Committees during their brief 
existence : 

'T. The main purpose for which Rent Profiteer- 
ing Committees are established, is the fair and equit- 
able adjustment of rents complained of as exorbitant. 

*TI. The committee shall hear and act on com- 
plaints of tenants — whether they be soldiers and sail- 
ors, the dependents and families of soldiers and sail- 
ors, munition workers, workers in plants doing war 



Rent Profiteering 

work or any others who should have the protection of 
the government because of war conditions. 

"III. The method of procedure in acting on 
rental complaints should be based on the idea of ad- 
justment by : 

"(a) Investigation of the facts. 

"(b) Hearing of representations by both 
the tenant and landlord. 

"(c) The indication by the committee of a 
fair rental and action to secure acceptance of 
such rental by both the landlord and tenant 
through conciliation and an honest presentation 
of the facts to both. 

"IV. Except in the case of soldiers and sailors 
or their families or dependents, the Rent Profiteering 
Committee has no legal authority to enforce its judg- 
ments.The committee must depend upon the establish- 
ment of a public sentiment to sustain its judgment and 
a sense of fairness which will appeal to the public, 
the landlord and the tenant as to the justice of its 
decisions. 

"V. The means of establishing a favorable 
opinion and of mobilizing this opinion to sustain judg- 
ments of the committee, is publicity. That is, the pur- 
poses, principles and procedure of the Rent Profiteer- 
ing Committee must be conveyed to the public through 
the newspapers, and where landlords, for example, 
refuse to appear for hearing or decline to follow 
decisions of the committee, the facts in such cases 
should be published without comment. 

"VI. Where landlords attempt the eviction of 
families and dependents of soldiers and sailors, the 
protection of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief 
Act may be invoked. 

"This law provides that in the case of premises, 
the rent of which does not exceed $50.00 per month, 
occupied chiefly for dwelling purposes by the wife, 
children or other dependents of a person in military 



i86 Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

service, leave of Court is necessary for eviction or 
distress. Such proceedings for eviction or distress 
may be stayed for not longer than three months, un- 
less the tenant's ability to pay his rent was not materi- 
ally atlected by his military service. 

"The advice of the legal member of the committee 
and of the Red Cross representative on the committee 
should be utilized in handling such cases. 

"ATI. Rent Profiteering Committees should 
meet at least once each week to pass on written com- 
plaints and to hear cases. 

"VIII. Complainants should submit their cases 
in writing, giving their name, the address of the prem- 
ises in dispute, name and address of owner of the 
premises, name and address of the owner's agent, if 
any, date when present occupant rented the premises, 
I and any other facts bearing on the case which the 

complainant wishes to present. 

"IX. The Rent Profiteering Committee should 
consider the written complaint and, if the complaint 
seems warranted, should request both the landlord 
and the tenant to appear for hearing on a given date. 
If the committee finds the landlord justified in the 
rent wdiich he charges, the case is dismissed; if the 
rent charged is deemed extortionate, he is urged to 
reduce it to what the committee considers a reason- 
able rent. If he does not do so, the facts of the case 
are published without comment of any kind, in the 
local press. 

"X. Rent Profiteering Committees may find it 
advisable and helpful to secure the services of a vol- 
unteer adjuster who will be able to investigate com- 
plaints prior to hearing and to bring about agreements 
on rents in some cases, without the necessity for de- 
tailed hearing or judgment by the committee proper. 

'"Either landlords or tenants, however, should 
have the right of appeal from any decision of such 
adjuster to the Rent Profiteering Committee proper. 

"Some committees may find it advisable and help- 
ful to enlarge their membership through the appoint- 



Rent Profiteering 187 

ment of sub- committees, one each to a given district 
in their territory (a ward for example). In this way, 
each sub-committee is compelled to handle only com- 
paratively few cases. If this plan is followed it may 
be well to provide for the right of appeal from the 
sub-committee to the main committee. 

"XL Publicity designed to build a public senti- 
ment that will assist the Rent Profiteering Committee 
in its operation, should center around tht fact that 
high rents mean fewer workers and delay in meeting 
government contracts with a consequent slowing up 
of vital war industries. The distress of war workers 
or soldiers and sailors caused by unfair or exhorbitant 
rentals, results also in dissatisfaction and unrest which 
contribute directly to the destruction of war morale. 
The war worker who is contented and satisfied, is the 
one who renders one hundred per cent efficiency in 
the plant. The soldier or sailor who feels that those 
at home are unworried and protected by the govern- 
ment in the matter of food, fuel, housing and living 
conditions, is the wholehearted fighter with the high- 
est morale. The families of workers and soldiers who 
are protected against war profiteering of all kinds, 
are those who will support the war and who will 
reflect the energy and the loyalty of civilians as a class 
in support of this war. 

"It is the policy of the government not to grant 
additional war contracts to industries in those cities 
which are without adequate housing and in which rent 
profiteering exists. ; 

"XII. Reports of cases handled and disposed of 
should be made at least monthly to the Executive Sec- : 

retary, Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, 
State House, Columbus, and to the Division of Infor- 
mation and Publicity of the Bureau of Industrial 
Housing and Transportation, United tSates Depart- 
ment of Labor, 613 G. street. Northwest, Washington, 
D. C. 

"(This memorandum prepared and approved 

by the Legal Committee, Ohio Branch, Council i 



i88 Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

of National Defense, in conference with repre- 
sentatives of the Bureau of Industrial Housing 
and Transportation, United States Department 
of Labor.)" 

The committees, however, had scarcely gotten under wa}- when 
with the signing of the armistice it was decided to release them 
from responsibility to the State Council, although the committees 
in every case wefe instructed to continue their activities and to 
make report to the federal government until formally released 
from their duties by the federal government. 

LIBERTY LOAN AND WAR SAMNGS STAMPS 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, cooperated and 
assisted in the marketing of the successive Liberty Loans and in 
the sale of War Savings Stamps 

The main assistance of the State Council in both activities was 
in publicity and in the furnishing of speakers, through the Speak- 
ers' Bureau, to local Liberty Loan Committees in communities over 
the state. 

Special effort, liowever, was made in connection with the sec- 
ond Loan, at the request of the Council of National Defense, at 
Washington. 

At the rcijuest of the Council of National Defense, at Wash- 
ington, D. C, and of the Central Liberty Loan Committee, Cleve- 
land. ( )hio. Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of the Council, 
issued a proclamation, on October i, 1917. calling to the support 
of the Loan all Ohioans. This was followed by bulletins from our 
central office to every local Council of Defense, every war unit of 
any kind in Ohio, every auxiliary Woman's Committee, and every 
one of ( )hio's eighty-eight War Food and Crop Commissioners in 
the eiglity-eight counties in Ohio, urging their active cooperation 
with Liberty Loan Committees throughout the state. At the same 
time, through our organized Publicity Bureau, the Council waged 
an intensi\e campaign in the newspapers in support of the Loan. 

It nuist be borne in mind, however, that local and county 
Councils of Defense in many parts of the state were virtually turned 
over to the Central Liberty Loan Committees to become local 
Liberty Loan Committees for the time being, and the extensive 



Liberty Loan and Jl^ar Saz'iiKjs Stamps 189 

canvassing organizations of these local Councils in many communi- 
ties were the central machinery by which the bonds were sold. 

The State Council joined with local and county Councils 
throughout the state in an active propaganda against the sale and 
trading of Liberty Bonds by those who had bought them. The 
slogan of this campaign was "Keep your Liberty Bonds.'' 

SOLICITATION OF FUNDS 

Although requested by the Federal government to organize 
machinery within the state for the investigation and endorsement 
of agencies seeking funds for war relief, this step was not taken in 
Ohio. 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, however, co- 
operated with the National Investigation Bureau, at New York 
City, through the Field Division of the Council of National De- 
fense, at Washington, in advising communities as to the legitimacy 
of this or that organization collecting funds for war relief . 

The Council also made one or two special investigations of 
suspicious organizations, with the result that a so-called "White 
Cross Humane Society" was exposed by the Council, in May, 1918, 
as unworthy to receive public support, and its agents discredited. 
This society had already collected some funds in Akron, Newark 
and Columbus, for the supposed maintenance of a corps of "White 
Cross Nurses" who would care for the sick and injured among 
laboring people, without charge. 

No action was taken toward the set-up of extensive machinery 
to investigate and endorse money collecting agencies, for the reason 
that Ohio, during the war, was the outstanding "War Chest" state 
of the Union, with some sixty communities organized for collective 
giving of funds for war relief, with appropriate Executive Com- 
mittees which investigated agencies to which funds were granted. 

The State Council of Defense cooperated actively in the suc- 
ceeding war money drives of the Red Cross and in the United War 
Work Campaign. 

Complete machinery of the organized Publicity Bureau of the 
.State Council and of the local Councils was turned to account in 
l)oth cases. 



lyo Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

INFLUENZA El'lDliMIC 

Called on by the federal government and Ijy local ;mthorities 
within the state to assist in combatting the influenza epidemic which 
swept the state and nation in the fall and winter of 1918, the Ohio 
Branch, Council of National Defense, appealed to local Councils of 
Defense throughout the state to meet the need of additional nurs- 
ing facilities. 

The State Council called upon the communities to can\ass and 
report the names of persons willing and able to nurse influenza 
victims, referring them to the Red Cross Influenza Bureau, which 
was established in Columbus, Ohio, in conjunction with the State 
Department of Health and the United States Public Health Service, 
in charge of Stockton Raymond, representing the Red Cross. 

FUEL 

The Committee on Mines and Mining, (early in the summer 
of 1917, attacked the problem of coal supply and prices. A special 
sub-committee was created to go into the problem from all angles 
and report to the Council. The committee consisted of : 

William Harper Cleveland 

George H. Barker Columbus 

Prof. M. B. Hammond Columbus 

T. K. Maher Cleveland 

Jobn M. Roan Columbus 

C. E. Sullivan Cleveland 

G. E. Witzell Columbus 

The report of this committee, which was exhaustive, resulted 
in the establishment of a State Coal Clearance House on July 25. 
1917, under the direction of John M. Roan. The announced pur- 
pose of the Clearance House was to facilitate the production, 
transportation and distribution of coal, with s]iecial attention to 
fuel prices. 

The Clearance House, operating under the direction of the 
Governor, the Vice Chairman of the Council, and its Director, 
John M. Roan, secured an agreement from the principal coal oper- 
ators of the state for the setting aside on a pro rata basis at the 
mines of a minimum of 6,000,000 tons of coal for the public 
utilities. 



Fuel 191 

At the same time, the Ohio Branch. Council of National De- 
fense, by direction of the Governor, cooperated with the Federal 
Trade Commission of the United States government in an ex- 
tensive examination of the books of the coal mining companies and 
of dealers to determine the cost of coal production and distribu- 
tion. 

Various state departments assisted generously in this activity 
by the loan of trained accountants who were sworn into temporary 
federal service for such examination. Data so collected by the Fed- 
eral Trade Commission was turned over to the United States 
Fuel Administration for the information of that governmental 
department. 

Late in September, 1917, the Coal Clearance House undertook 
a thorough survey of the fuel needs throughout the state, through 
questionnaires sent to the mayors of cities and towns, to Boards of 
Education and to hospitals. 

This survey uncovered the fact that an alarming shortage of 
coal was bound to occur almost universally over the state, that 
industries and utilities generally were far short of normal supplies, 
and that domestic consumers, for example, had on an average less 
than twenty per cent of coal usually in storage and on hand in late 
October. 

The Coal Clearance House, through the State Public Utilities 
Commission, operators and transportation companies, began the 
initial distribution of the 6.000,000 tons reserve prorated at the 
mines. 

More than 250 cars of coal, for example, were distributed to 
neeedy communities during a period of appproximately two weeks, 
beginning October ist. 

The Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, through the 
Chairman, the Vice Chairman and the Director of the Coal Clear- 
ance House, made insistent appeal to Washington during the period 
of its operation that shipments of Ohio coal to the Northwest be 
curtailed in an amount sufficient at least to supply the immediate 
needs of Ohio users and to insure the accumulation of at least a 
moderate reserve against winter use. 

On October 16, 1917, the Ohio Branch Council of National 
Defense, discontinued its financial responsibility for the Coal Clear- 
ance House, and relinquished control of the fuel situation to Homer 
H. Johnson, Federal Fuel Ailministrator for Ohio by appointment 



ig2 Ohio Braiicli, Council of National Defense 

of President Wilson. After that date, the Coal Clearance House 
ceased to function, but the United States Fuel Administration in 
Ohio had the cooperation at all times, mainly in publicity, of the 
State Council of Defense. 

The Coal Clearance House, during its period of activities, made 
special effort to exp.edite the movement of coal from the mines to 
destination by rail; to assist dealers in securing coal, where urgent 
demands were reported ; to trace cars in transit ; to force the 
prompt unloading of coal cars ; to control the maximum retail 
prices charged, pending the establishment of such prices by the 
government ; and, after a careful survey, to furnish proper lump 
coal to threshermen so that food might not be wasted, either through 
inability of farmers to get their grain threshed, or through faulty 
operation of threshing machines due to defective firing. 

HEALTH. HOSPITALS AND NURSING 

The following sub-committee of the Ohio Branch, L'ouncil of 
National Defense, on Health, Hospitals and Nursing, was apopinted. 
by the Governor in the late summer of 1917: 

Dr. R. H. Bishop Cleveland 

Fred H. Bunn Youngstown 

Dr. George D. Lummis ^liddletown 

Rev. Bernard P. O'Reilly Dayton 

Robert G. Paterson Columbus 

-Miss Mary M. Roberts Camp Sherman 

Dr. C. D. Selby . . Toledo 

Howell Wright Cleveland 

This committee was formed : 

(i) To work out a state program on health, hos- 
pitals and nursing. 

(a) To centralize in one state committee in- 

formation relative to these three closely 
related fields of work. 

(b) To bring all the voluntary health agencies 

into closer working relations with the 
Council of National Defense and exist- 
ing state departments. 



Health, Hospitals and Nursing 193 

(2) Hospitals. 

(a) Gathering of complete information as to 

hospital facilities in the state for the 
care of the civilian population. 

(b) Gathering of complete information as to 

hospital facilities for the care of the civil- 
ian population engaged in the manufac- 
ture of war materials. 

(c) Gathering of information as to existing 

hospital facilities for the care of re- 
turned soldiers, 
(i) . Private hospitals. 

(2) County hospitals. 

(3) City hospitals. 

(a) For the care and instruction 

of the handicapped. 

(b) For the care of the tuber- 

culous. 
. (c) For the care of specific dis- 
eases, 
(d) For the care of conva- 
lescents. 

(3) Nursing. 

(a) Gathering of complete information as to 

existing nursing facilities in the state. 

(b) Recommendation of plans for increasing 

the number of nurses in the state, 
(i) Student nurses. 
(2) Graduate nurses. 

The Committee on Health, Hospitals and Nursing endeavored 
to carry out parts of the program through utilizing the services of 
e?cisting agencies. So far as possible, it acted as a clearing house 
in the various fields of work related in the program, without 
attempting to set up any new machinery. 

(i) Hospitals. 

At the request of the committee, the Ohio Hos- 
pital Association gathered information as to 
hospital facilities in the state. 

*13 C. OF N. D. 



194 Ohio Hnnich. CoiDicil of National Defense 

(2) Nursing. 

The committee gave some asistance to the Ohio 
State Graduate Nurses Association in gather- 
ing information as to nursing facihties in ( )hio. 
Information as to such facihties, including the 
number of graduate and pupil nurses was re- 
ported from time to time and was used by the 
Committee on Nursing of the Woman's Com- 
mittee of the Defense Council in a campaign to 
secure an increased number of nurses in the 
state. 

Howell Wright, secretary of the committee, and for a time 
Executive Secretary of the State Council, was especially instru- 
mental in aousing the interest of the public to the importance of 
health and nursing activities in not only war but peace times, and 
in securing the cooperative efifort of the medical and nursing pro- 
fessions ,and of hospital authorities, in an immediate program of 
action. 

VAGRANCY 

A special sub-committee of the Committee on Labor and In- 
dustrial Relations. r)hio Branch, Council of National Defense, was 
ajipointed in June, 1917, to recommend a plan for the utilization in 
a productive wav of vagrants. The committee comprised : 

H. H. Shirer Columbus 

Fred Bisscll Toledo 

James L. Fieser Cleveland 

Dr. D. F. Garland Dayton 

W". A. (ireenlund Cleveland 

J. M. Han-on Youngstown 

J. (). White Cincinnati 

This committee urged : 

"(j) Active cooperation among county, town- 
ship, and municipal officials, particularly sheriffs, 
justices of the peace, mayors, police judges, and police 
ofificers. 

"(2) That a census of vagrants and loiterers be 
taken at once in :dl municipalities of the state and 



Vayrancy 195 

that the laws and ordinances covering these otienders 
should be enforced. 

"It is vitally important that pool rooms, saloons, 
so-called lodging houses, and all other places where 
loiterers may congregate be carefully inspected and 
each person who has no regular employment be listed. 

"In order to find an intelligent solution of the 
problem, a census of all loiterers and vagrants should 
be taken. 

"(3) That local authorities be urged to enforce 
the laws against tramps trespassing on railroads. 

"(4) That a state colony or colonies under rigid 
supervision be established for those who have no vis- 
ible means of support, and that every one therein 
be given an opportunity at some useful employment. 

"The colony plan is, in our opinion, the only 
present solution of either the tramp or vagrancy prob- 
lem. 

"Dealing with the tramp being a state rather than 
a local problem, we feel that it ought to be handled by 
the state." 

The re]:)ort of this committee was not acted upon by the 
Council. 

By proclamation of the Governor and active stimulation of 
the State Council of Defense, city and county officials were encour- 
aged to revive obsolete statutes, with the result that vagrancy and 
loafing were made practically a thing of the past. 

RED CROSS AUCTION SALES 

The Governor, as Chairman, and the Ohio Branch, Council of 
National Defense, endorsed and assisted, to some extent, commun- 
ity public sales for the benefit of the Red Cross. 

It was the plan to auction ofT to patriotic bidders, donated live 
stock, household and rummage goods. 

Many sales of this kind were held in various counties over the 
state. 



19^-) Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense 

COOPERATION OF THE CHURCHES IN THE WAR 
PROGRAM 

In response to a request by the Governor and the Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense, the Ohio Rural Life Association of- 
fered its assistance to the churches and ministers of the state to 
attain greater cooperation in the si)ecial service they were render- 
ing- during the war. 

The purpose was to build U[) in each community, through 
subordinate committees and through the churches and the ministers 
of the various denominations, a strong response to tlie govern- 
ment's war program and war needs. 

Special services in the churches, mass meetings and dissemina- 
tion of literature were means used. 

The more than seven thousand rural churches in Ohio were 
enlisted in this campaign. 

C. O. Gill, Secretary of the Ohio Rural Life Association, Co- 
liiml)us. Ohio, was the man who organized this movement. 

jUNK 

A survey undertaken at the request of the Connnercial Econ- 
omy Board, Council of National Defense, and completed March 
20, iQiS. showed that in Ohio: 

• 
( I ) Reclamation and utilization of waste materials 
including scrap iron, metals, rubber and rags, 
was extraordinarily efficient and complete in in- 
dustrial plants over tbe state, but 
(2) There was marked waste of junk in rural com- 
munities and on farms. 

The Executive Secretary, Ohio B>ranch, Council of National 
Defense, recommended to Washington: 

(a) The systematic collection of junk on farms, or 
(I)) Delivery depots for junk disposal. 
( c) Pul)licity to the farmer as to means of disjiosal 
;md prevailing junk prices. 



Explosives 197 

EXPLOSIVES 

The danger of destruction to food stufifs, warehouses, muni- 
tions plants, and other property necessary to the war, was recog- 
nized very early by the State Council of Defense. 

It was patent that the careless custody or misuse of explosives 
must be checked. 

With cooperation of Thomas Kearns, Chief Inspector of work- 
shops and factories for the Ohio Industrial Commission, a hasty 
survey was made which revealed some twenty to thirty tons of 
dynamite unguarded in a radius of ten miles around Columbus. 

On the statute books of Ohio was a law providing for the 
registration, safeguarding, and state certification of stores of ex- 
plosives. At the request of the Council, Mr. Kearns secured form 
the explosives manufacturers throughout the state lists of their 
customers, including practically all large users and storers of ex- 
plosives, and all such persons were formally licensed under the 
state law. 

The Publicity Bureau of the State Council of Defense later 
was able to assist the United States Bureau of Mines in the ad- 
vertisement and interpretation of explosives regulations. 

At the request of Mr. Jasper S. Kinslow, United States Ex- 
plosives Inspector for Ohio, the State Council has, at various 
times, served as an official notification agency to persons and firms 
affected by explosives regulations, and attempts were made to 
create a public understanding of the government's program on ex- 
plosives regulations. 

PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT 

In the organization of the Publicity Department, the Council 
was particularly fortunate in having the advice of James W. Faulk- 
ner, Dean of Ohio newspaper correspondents at Columbus. 
Throughout the war, Mr. Faulkner served in an advisory capacity 
in all publicity matters. 

The actual work of issuing material for the press and bulletins 
was handled by J. L. Morrill and Earl W. Baird. Mr. Morrill 
came with the Defense Council from the Scripps-McRae League, 
August 7, 191 7, to handle publicity for the Council. He was sub- 
sequently appointed Executive Secretary of the Council and the 



198 OIlio Branch, Council of National Defense 

Food Administration in Ohio, and Mr. Baird was appointed pub- 
licity man for the Food Administration and Defense Council in 
October, 1917. The Council also had the services of Mrs. Daisy 
H. Krier of the Food Administration staff, in the preparation of 
publicity material, and Don L. Tobin, who was appointed in Oc- 
tober, 1918. to edit a printed bulletin for the Defense Council, and 
assist the Speakers' Bureau of the Council. 

NEWSPAPERS 

Our Publicity Department had the fullest cooperation of the 
newspapers in all war measures. They gave freely of their space 
to the material furnished, and backed this up with editorials and 
stories originated locally. 

Commencing August 13, 191 7. and ending December 15, 1918, 
there was issued a daily bulletin under the caption, "THE OHIO 
WAR BOARD SAYS TODAY," for publication in newspapers. 
This bulletin was sent in mimeograph form to all daily newspapers 
and in ready-to-print plate form to some 80 plate using papers. 
It was made a standing feature in many newspapers, being carried 
regularly in the large city papers, as well as the smaller papers of 
the state. This bulletin service served to support all war-time 
agencies in the state, including the War Savings Committee, the 
Red Cross, the War Department, United States Employment Serv- 
ice, United States Food and Fuel Administrations, and to keep be- 
fore the public all matters of vital importance to the successful 
prosecution of the war. 

The Council of National Defense at Washington, representing 
the various war-time agencies in a national way, cleared all its pub- 
licity material through the Publicity Department of the Ohio 
Branch, Council of National Defense. 

A summary of material issued shows 483 daily ludletins is- 
sued to newspapers and approximately 2j^ stories at irregular in- 
tervals to daily and weekly newsjiapers and other publications. 

Our mailing list of publications included: 

175 Daily newspapers. 
475 Weekly newspapers. 
100 Class and trade publication. 
70 Religious publications. 



Publicity Department 199 

12 Agricultural publications. 
25 College publications. 
46 Foreign publications. 
5 Magazines. 
15 Labor papers. 

The Associated Press and United Press incorporated, in their 
weekly news letters to all their clients in the state, the Defense 
Council news i'eleases, and handled important news stories affect- 
ing the Council by wire. 

The special correspondents and the correspondents for the 
United Press. Associated Press and International News Service 
were in daily contact with the Publicity Department of the Defense 
Council and gave great assistance in keeping before the public the 
necessary information. 

In conclusion, unquestionably the support of the newspapers 
made possible the success of the war program in Ohio. The State 
Council recognized that no medium of publicity or education could 
equal the columns of the newspapers, and the generous response of 
the editors to requests for publicity from the State Council was 
practically universal. 

TAPS 

In August, 1918. Governor James M. Cox, Chairman of the 
Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense, conceived the idea of 
sounding "Taps" from steps of the State House every afternoon 
at four o'clock. 

As the result of the following letter, addressed to County 
Councils of Defense throughout the state, the practice was in- 
augurated in many communities, most of them observing the cere- 
mony for the first time on September 6, 19 18, which was the birth- 
day of LaFayette : 

"Taps, which marks the end of the soldier's day, 
is one of the most thrilling of our military calls. Over 
there, where the poppies and the dead alike strew the 
fateful fields of Flanders, it wafts to the weary war- 
riors of our country, a reminder of the dear ones at 
home. To them their thoughts will turn as the de- 
scending shadows brino: the close of the dav's duties 



20O Ohio Branch. Council of National Defense 

well done. As the bugles sing the truce of sleep there, 
the tuneful voice of the nation here, throbbing across 
the ocean's wide expanse, should carry to our champ- 
ions a hearty goodnight. In spirit, at least, like our 
parents in our childhood, we can be with them as they 
sink to their hard earned slumbers. 

"The daily call from the steps of the capitol, the 
very heart of the sympathetic and loving mother 
State, will turn our minds to the absent and beloved 
boys. In silent meditation we can ofifer a prayer for 
their safetv and their happiness and enter into a spir- 
itual communion with them. If, amid danger and suf- 
fering there, they know that here they are being thus 
recalled in sacred remembrance, the sleep of martial 
fatigue in camp and in trench, in hospital and bivouac 
will be sweetened by that knowledge. To us, here at 
home, what more beautiful sentiment can be imagined 
than the consciousness that, as the cadences rise and 
fall, somewhere within the shadow of death and under 
the pall of battle, our loved ones are thinking of us? 

'T earnestly recommend the practice in every 
county seat, and in .every community possible." 



appendix; 



As explained hereinbefore, operation of the Ohio Branch, 
Council of National Defense, was derived from the War Emerg- 
ency Appropriation of $250,000 made to the Governor by the 
General Assembly of Ohio, in the session of 1916-17. 

On request of the State Council the Emergency Board has 
granted additional funds to the Council in an amount of $75,169.17, 
following depletion of the original fund. 

Of the total monies appropriated by the Legislature and the 
State Emergency Board, approximately $189,916.50 were expended 
by the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, up to and in- 
cluding December 31, 1918, according to the voucher record of the 
State Council. Of the original $250,000 appropriation, something 
more than $120,000 were spent by the Adjutant General of Ohio 
in recruiting and equipping the Ohio National Guard. 

The expenditures of the State Council may have varied some- 
what from figures given above and listed in tables below, inasmuch 
as the final record of expenditures is kept by the Auditor of State, 
and an accounting of the fund has not yet been made by that official. 

Below are given tabulations of the expenditures of the State 
Council as taken from voucher records of the Council and expla- 
nation of the division captions : 

Agriculture covers funds spent in the original 
food production drive of 1917. 

Coal Clearing covers monies expended to main- 
tain the State Coal Clearance House during the fuel 
shortage in the fall of 1917. 

Federal Trade Commission covers monies ex- 
pended for an investigation into the cost of producing 
and distributing coal, made at the request of the fed- 
eral government in the summer and fall of 191 7. 

(201) 



202 Ohio Branch, Council of Xational Defense 

Food Conservation And Fire Prevention cov- 
ers funds expended mainly by the State Fire Marshal, 
and described in a preceding section of this report. 

General covers headquarters office expense of 
the State Council. 

Labor covers monies expended for organization 
and maintenance of the Free Employment Bureau. 

Woman's Committee, which is self-explanatorv. 

Patriotic Education covers the expense of the 
Speakers' Division. 

County Council covers monies expended in the 
organization and supervision of local Councils of De- 
fense throughout the state. 

Americanization, wliich is self-explanatorv. 

Non-War Construction covers office expense 
and printing of the Committee of Non-War Construc- 
tion, whose activities are described hereinbefore. 



Expenditures 



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